Adjust some build troubleshooting notes (#4471)

Came up due to [libc++ install
issues](https://discord.com/channels/655572317891461132/655577725347561492/1302023663155023905)

We've discussed clang version verification, and adding that as long as
I'm in here. The more significant bit is the libc++ check, which if it's
not installed should fail like:

```
(tons of output)
ignoring nonexistent directory "/include"
#include "..." search starts here:
#include <...> search starts here:
 /usr/lib/llvm-16/lib/clang/16/include
 /usr/local/include
 /usr/include/x86_64-linux-gnu
 /usr/include
End of search list.
/usr/local/google/home/jperkins/.cache/bazel/_bazel_jperkins/85deb7d9d96f7e0e80b42618a55969d7/external/_main~clang_toolchain_extension~bazel_cc_toolchain/_temp:6:2: error: "No libc++ install found!"
#error "No libc++ install found!"
 ^
1 error generated.
ERROR: Analysis of target '//toolchain:toolchain' failed; build aborted: Analysis failed
INFO: Elapsed time: 0.265s, Critical Path: 0.08s
INFO: 1 process: 1 internal.
ERROR: Build did NOT complete successfully
```

pre-commit runs bazel, and GitHub runners have an old clang by default
(caught by the new check), so I'm installing here for a consistent
version.

---------

Co-authored-by: Chandler Carruth <chandlerc@gmail.com>

.github/workflows/pre_commit.yaml

@@ -26,6 +26,7 @@ jobs:
           # prettier-ignore
           allowed-endpoints: >
             *.dl.sourceforge.net:443
+            api.github.com:443
             bcr.bazel.build:443
             downloads.sourceforge.net:443
             files.pythonhosted.org:443
@@ -40,6 +41,13 @@ jobs:
 
       - uses: actions/checkout@b4ffde65f46336ab88eb53be808477a3936bae11 # v4.1.1
       - uses: actions/setup-python@82c7e631bb3cdc910f68e0081d67478d79c6982d # v5.1.0
+
+      # Ensure LLVM is set up consistently.
+      - uses: ./.github/actions/build-setup-common
+        with:
+          matrix_runner: ubuntu-latest
+          remote_cache_upload: '--remote_upload_local_results=false'
+
       - uses: pre-commit/action@2c7b3805fd2a0fd8c1884dcaebf91fc102a13ecd # v3.0.1
 
       # We want to automatically create github suggestions for pre-commit file

MODULE.bazel.lock

@@ -129,7 +129,7 @@
   "moduleExtensions": {
     "//bazel/cc_toolchains:clang_configuration.bzl%clang_toolchain_extension": {
       "general": {
-        "bzlTransitiveDigest": "K2JE5G8tvZ+UBmAPF5s/YSUNg53pTvAZi2ause87buQ=",
+        "bzlTransitiveDigest": "YfAlFgFWuxAcofKFZTG3JR3DeQD3yED9F1mzTVz6xoA=",
         "usagesDigest": "FiqDwj5QoiCFb1PRYvajLeyuRjRXbsy2CVC+VsEEt7Q=",
         "recordedFileInputs": {},
         "recordedDirentsInputs": {},

bazel/cc_toolchains/clang_configuration.bzl

@@ -13,7 +13,11 @@ def _run(repository_ctx, cmd):
     """Runs the provided `cmd`, checks for failure, and returns the result."""
     exec_result = repository_ctx.execute(cmd)
     if exec_result.return_code != 0:
-        fail("Unable to run command successfully: %s" % str(cmd))
+        fail("Command failed with return code {0}: {1}\n{2}".format(
+            exec_result.return_code,
+            str(cmd),
+            exec_result.stderr,
+        ))
 
     return exec_result
 
@@ -100,24 +104,26 @@ def _compute_bsd_sysroot(repository_ctx):
         return sysroot_path.realpath
     return default
 
+# File content used when computing search paths. This additionally verifies that
+# libc++ is installed.
+_CLANG_INCLUDE_FILE_CONTENT = """
+#if __has_include(<version>)
+#include <version>
+#endif
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_STD_VER
+#error "No libc++ install found!"
+#endif
+"""
+
 def _compute_clang_cpp_include_search_paths(repository_ctx, clang, sysroot):
     """Runs the `clang` binary and extracts the include search paths.
 
     Returns the resulting paths as a list of strings.
     """
 
-    # Create an empty temp file for Clang to use
-    if repository_ctx.os.name.lower().startswith("windows"):
-        repository_ctx.file("_temp", "")
-
-    # Read in an empty input file. If we are building from
-    # Windows, then we create an empty temp file. Clang
-    # on Windows does not like it when you pass a non-existent file.
-    if repository_ctx.os.name.lower().startswith("windows"):
-        repository_ctx.file("_temp", "")
-        input_file = repository_ctx.path("_temp")
-    else:
-        input_file = "/dev/null"
+    # Create a file for Clang to use as input.
+    repository_ctx.file("_temp", _CLANG_INCLUDE_FILE_CONTENT)
+    input_file = repository_ctx.path("_temp")
 
     # The only way to get this out of Clang currently is to parse the verbose
     # output of the compiler when it is compiling C++ code.
@@ -132,7 +138,7 @@ def _compute_clang_cpp_include_search_paths(repository_ctx, clang, sysroot):
         # Force the language to be C++.
         "-x",
         "c++",
-        # Read in an empty input file.
+        # Use the input file.
         input_file,
         # Always use libc++.
         "-stdlib=libc++",
@@ -176,6 +182,11 @@ def _configure_clang_toolchain_impl(repository_ctx):
     (clang, clang_version, clang_version_for_cache) = _detect_system_clang(
         repository_ctx,
     )
+    if clang_version and clang_version < 16:
+        fail("Found clang {0}. ".format(clang_version) +
+             "Carbon requires clang >=16. See " +
+             "https://github.com/carbon-language/carbon-lang/blob/trunk/docs/project/contribution_tools.md#old-llvm-versions")
+
     clang_cpp = clang.dirname.get_child("clang++")
 
     # Compute the various directories used by Clang.

docs/project/contribution_tools.md

@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@ contributions.
     -   [Optional tools](#optional-tools)
     -   [Manually building Clang and LLVM (not recommended)](#manually-building-clang-and-llvm-not-recommended)
 -   [Troubleshooting build issues](#troubleshooting-build-issues)
+    -   [`bazel clean`](#bazel-clean)
     -   [Old LLVM versions](#old-llvm-versions)
     -   [Asking for help](#asking-for-help)
 -   [Troubleshooting debug issues](#troubleshooting-debug-issues)
@@ -167,10 +168,8 @@ These tools are essential for work on Carbon.
             outdated, and not be upgraded.
 -   Main tools
     -   [Bazel](https://www.bazel.build/)
-        -   NOTE: See [the bazelisk config](/.bazeliskrc) for a supported
-            version.
-    -   [Bazelisk](https://docs.bazel.build/versions/master/install-bazelisk.html)
-        (for macOS): Handles Bazel versions.
+        -   [Bazelisk](https://docs.bazel.build/versions/master/install-bazelisk.html):
+            Downloads and runs the [configured Bazel version](/.bazeliskrc).
     -   [Clang](https://clang.llvm.org/) and [LLVM](https://llvm.org/)
         -   NOTE: Most LLVM 14+ installs should build Carbon. If you're having
             issues, see
@@ -255,6 +254,12 @@ work reliably include:
 
 ## Troubleshooting build issues
 
+### `bazel clean`
+
+Changes to packages installed on your system may not be noticed by `bazel`. This
+includes things such as changing LLVM versions, or installing libc++. Running
+`bazel clean` should force cached state to be rebuilt.
+
 ### Old LLVM versions
 
 Many build issues result from the particular options `clang` and `llvm` have
@@ -266,8 +271,7 @@ System installs of macOS typically won't work, for example being an old LLVM
 version or missing llvm-ar; [setup commands](#setup-commands) includes LLVM from
 Homebrew for this reason.
 
-It may be necessary to run `bazel clean` after updating versions in order to
-clean up cached state.
+Run [`bazel clean`](#bazel-clean) when changing the installed LLVM version.
 
 ### Asking for help
 
@@ -280,7 +284,7 @@ echo $CC
 which clang
 which clang-16
 clang --version
-grep llvm_bindir $(bazel info workspace)/bazel-execroot/external/bazel_cc_toolchain/clang_detected_variables.bzl
+grep llvm_bindir $(bazel info workspace)/bazel-execroot/external/_main\~clang_toolchain_extension\~bazel_cc_toolchain/clang_detected_variables.bzl
 
 # If on macOS:
 brew --prefix llvm