Add new python tooling + apply ruff linter cleanup (#845)

- Adds `uv`, `ruff`, `pyright`, `vulture` and `pytest-xdist`
- Move project, lockfile, docker build etc to uv
- Align python tooling on 3.14
- Huge bulk of ruff linter fixes applied. Still in progress but all the
core types are now enforced
- Update CI and test helpers

Makefile

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-.PHONY: help install dev build preview typecheck frontend-test clean up down docker-build refresh restart build-serve
+.PHONY: help install install-python-dev dev build preview typecheck frontend-test clean up up down docker-build refresh restart build-serve python-lint python-lint-fix python-format python-format-check
 
 # Frontend directory
 FRONTEND_DIR := src/frontend
@@ -18,6 +18,11 @@ help:
 	@echo "  preview    - Preview production build"
 	@echo "  typecheck  - Run TypeScript type checking"
 	@echo "  frontend-test - Run frontend unit tests"
+	@echo "  install-python-dev - Sync Python runtime + dev tooling with uv"
+	@echo "  python-lint - Run Ruff against Python backend code"
+	@echo "  python-lint-fix - Run Ruff with safe auto-fixes"
+	@echo "  python-format - Format Python backend code with Ruff"
+	@echo "  python-format-check - Check Python backend formatting with Ruff"
 	@echo "  clean      - Remove node_modules and build artifacts"
 	@echo ""
 	@echo "Backend (Docker):"
@@ -32,6 +37,11 @@ install:
 	@echo "Installing frontend dependencies..."
 	cd $(FRONTEND_DIR) && npm install
 
+# Install Python development dependencies
+install-python-dev:
+	@echo "Syncing Python runtime and dev tooling with uv..."
+	uv sync --locked --extra browser
+
 # Start development server
 dev:
 	@echo "Starting development server..."
@@ -59,6 +69,23 @@ typecheck:
 	@echo "Running TypeScript type checking..."
 	cd $(FRONTEND_DIR) && npm run typecheck
 
+# Python linting
+python-lint:
+	@echo "Running Ruff..."
+	uv run ruff check shelfmark
+
+python-lint-fix:
+	@echo "Running Ruff with safe auto-fixes..."
+	uv run ruff check shelfmark --fix
+
+python-format:
+	@echo "Formatting Python backend code with Ruff..."
+	uv run ruff format shelfmark
+
+python-format-check:
+	@echo "Checking Python backend formatting with Ruff..."
+	uv run ruff format --check shelfmark
+
 # Run frontend unit tests
 frontend-test:
 	@echo "Running frontend unit tests..."