When resolving a constraint type, compute the fixed point of the specified rewrite constraints, as requested by @josh11b in review of #2173 and tentatively agreed as our direction. If no such fixed point exists, detect that situation and diagnose the problem.
The algorithm used here is to iteratively apply all rewrites to each rewrite constraint until either one of them refers to itself, which indicates there's a cycle in the rewrite graph, or the set of rewrites converges.
This algorithm has some pathological inputs in which the runtime can grow exponentially in the size of the input (indeed, the fully-rewritten set of rewrites can grow exponentially in the size of the input, so this is unavoidable), so an iteration limit is also provided.