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carbon-lang/examples/advent2024/sort.carbon
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Chandler Carruth 8be274cf60 Replace :! binding syntax with phase keywords and contextual defaults (#7479)
Implement the toolchain side of proposal #7254, removing the `:!`
binding
syntax for generic and template parameters in favor of the keywords
`generic`,
`template`, and `runtime` plus contextual defaults for phase.

For valid programs this is semantics-preserving: each binding resolves
to the
same phase, and produces the same SemIR, as it did under `:!`/`:`. The
parser
derives a binding's phase from its syntactic context plus any explicit
phase
keyword; new diagnostics and error recovery for misused keywords are
described
below.

Implementation details for each component:

- Lexer: remove the `:!` (`ColonExclaim`) token, move its virtual
parse-node
  budget onto `:`, and add the `generic` and `runtime` keywords.
- Parser: thread a `BindingContext` (`ExplicitParam`, `DeducedParam`, or
`CompileTimeEntityParam`) from declaration introducers down through
parameter
lists to each binding pattern, using a one-token lookahead to
distinguish a
name-qualifier parameter list from a declaration's own final list.
Parameters
of a compile-time entity (`class`, `interface`, `constraint`, `choice`,
`alias`, `export`, `namespace`) and deduced `[]` parameters default to
checked
generic; explicit function parameters and local bindings default to
runtime.
`HandleBindingPattern` resolves the phase from that context plus the
keyword: a
`generic` keyword needs no node of its own (the phase is carried by the
  binding's node kind), while a `runtime` keyword is preserved as a
`RuntimeBindingName` node so `check` can name it in a diagnostic. A
phase
keyword that is merely redundant with the contextual default is
diagnosed
  here, without invalidating the parse tree.
- Check: a phase keyword that is invalid for its context (for example
`runtime`
on a checked-generic parameter) is diagnosed here, and recovers by
building an
error binding that still introduces the name so that later uses of it do
not
  produce cascading errors.

The removed `:!` syntax is now rejected as an ordinary parse error.

The `form`/`:?`/`->?` ("extended types") portion of proposal #7254 is
left for a
separate change.

Assisted-by: Claude Code
2026-07-11 01:22:44 +00:00

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// Part of the Carbon Language project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM
// Exceptions. See /LICENSE for license information.
// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
library "sort";
interface Ordered {
// extend require impls Core.OrderedWith(Self);
fn Less(self, other: Self) -> bool;
fn LessOrEquivalent(self, other: Self) -> bool;
fn Greater(self, other: Self) -> bool;
fn GreaterOrEquivalent(self, other: Self) -> bool;
}
impl i32 as Ordered {
fn Less(self, other: Self) -> bool { return self < other; }
fn LessOrEquivalent(self, other: Self) -> bool { return self <= other; }
fn Greater(self, other: Self) -> bool { return self > other; }
fn GreaterOrEquivalent(self, other: Self) -> bool { return self >= other; }
}
fn Swap[T: Core.Copy & Core.Destroy](ref from: T, ref to: T) {
var tmp: T = from;
from = to;
to = tmp;
}
fn Partition
[T: Core.Copy & Core.Destroy & Ordered, N: Core.IntLiteral]
(ref a: array(T, N), from_in: i32, to_in: i32) -> i32 {
var pivot_index: i32 = from_in;
let pivot: T = a[pivot_index];
var from: i32 = from_in + 1;
var to: i32 = to_in;
while (from < to) {
// TODO: if (a[from] <= pivot) {
if (a[from].(Ordered.LessOrEquivalent)(pivot)) {
++from;
// TODO: } else if ((*p)[to - 1] > pivot) {
} else if (a[to - 1].(Ordered.Greater)(pivot)) {
--to;
} else {
// Element at `from` is > pivot, and
// element at `to - 1` is <= pivot.
Swap(ref a[from], ref a[to - 1]);
++from;
--to;
}
}
Swap(ref a[pivot_index], ref a[from - 1]);
return from - 1;
}
fn Quicksort
[T: Core.Copy & Core.Destroy & Ordered, N: Core.IntLiteral]
(ref a: array(T, N), from: i32, to: i32) {
if (from + 1 >= to) { return; }
var pivot: i32 = Partition(ref a, from, to);
Quicksort(ref a, from, pivot);
Quicksort(ref a, pivot + 1, to);
}