Instead of creating a CodeGenerator per CppDomain, and then crashing in
lowering when we try to consume the same llvm Module multiple times,
create a CodeGenerator for each CppFile within the domain.
For now, we mulitplex all of Clang's ASTConsumer output to all code
generators, which means that any strong external definitions within a
Carbon file (for example, in an inline `Cpp` fragment) will be emitted
to all output files in the same `CppDomain`, resulting in link errors
due to symbol redefinitions. This will be addressed later. But this
should be sufficient for Carbon compilations in which such symbols are
not defined.
We also don't yet attempt to classify which compilations will need C++
code generation, and instead create a clang `CodeGenerator` for every
Carbon file that has C++ imports. For `carbom compile`, only one Carbon
file will need code generation, and yet we still build multiple
`CodeGenerator` objects in general. Fixing this requires more plumbing
from the driver, and this will also be handled in a follow-up.
Assisted-by: Gemini via Antigravity
This isolates the C++ imports in different Carbon files from each other
in `--share-cpp-ast` mode, so that a Carbon file can only see the
portions of the shared Clang `ASTContext` that it actually imported.
Assisted-by: Gemini via Antigravity
During impl lookup, for each (generic) impl candidate, we form a
specific for that impl by deducing its generic arguments. Then we
compare the query interface against the impl's specific interface. That
comparison needs the deduced arguments applied to the impl's specific
interface. Previously we were doing this by getting the impl's
constraint facet type with the impl's specific applied (via
`GetConstantValueInSpecific()`) and then identifying that facet type
with the impl's deduced self.
Identify is a fairly expensive operation. It runs subst, trying to
replace `.Self` references. It walks named constraints. It collects
require declarations. We're looking at making it do _more_ in the future
too, including rewrite constraint resolution and collecting rewrite and
same-type constraints. For this reason we have a cache to make it cheap
on the second run, but it's still a very heavyweight operation to
involve in impl lookup, when all we want is to apply the impl's specific
to its target interface.
We almost have all the information we need to avoid the identification
step. We have the impl's specific after deduction. And we have the
SpecificInterface that the impl is targeting in the `Impl` struct. When
we form the specific for the impl itself, we resolve the declaration
block and form new constant values for all instructions in there, but
that does not cover the SpecificInterface that we're storing in the
`Impl` struct. So we add a new instruction to the impl's eval block,
which will be symbolic when the impl is generic and the target interface
depends on a generic parameter. And we store the `InstId` in the `Impl`
struct. This allows us to gets its constant value later with the impl's
specific applied. From that constant value we can then pull out the
SpecificInterface that the impl is targeting.
A method declared with `self` does not modify the object, but it was
exported to C++ as a non-const member function, so calling it on a const
reference would fail.
```carbon
class C {
fn Get(self);
}
inline Cpp '''
void F(const Carbon::C& c) {
c.Get();
}
''';
```
```
error: 'this' argument to member function 'Get' has type 'const Carbon::C', but function is not marked const
```
Import already maps `f() const` to `fn f(self)`, and this PR implements
the same behavior for exporting. No ref-qualifier is added, since that
maps to `ref self`, so that is unchanged.
`GetThisArg()` now builds `this` from the method instead of the parent
record, so that it picks up the method's const-qualifier.
Point symbolic witnesses into `.Self` written inside an impl decl at the
impl that is being declared. This is tricky because the impl does not
yet exist. So we use a new instruction `ImplSelfWitness` which _will_ be
replaced by the `ImplWitness` once it becomes available. The
`ImplSelfWitness` acts like a symbolic witness, except it does not
perform lookup, since we know which impl we will get a witness from.
This prevents us from finding other impls when performing lookups into
`.Self` in an impl decl, which produces incorrect/incoherent results.
Instead of building one Clang `ASTContext` per compilation, the
`--share-cpp-ast` flag causes us to build a single `ASTContext` and
share it across all contexts. One new abstraction is added: `CppDomain`
represents the Carbon-side view of a Clang AST that might be shared
across multiple `SemIR::File`s. This object owns the Clang instance and
the AST.
For now, we have no isolation between the C++ state exposed to different
Carbon compilations, and we have no multiplexing of generated LLVM IR
from C++ into different Carbon compilations, so the mode is not usable
yet. The plan is to keep it behind a flag until it's ready.
Assisted-by: Gemini via Antigravity
We can end up emitting the same thunk from multiple compilations in some
cases -- in particular, when the thunk is wrapping a function that is
either synthesized by the compiler or imported from C++. When this
happens, we will have multiple-definition link errors unless we allow
redefinitions across multiple files.
It'd be nice to detect when we need to do this and when we don't, but
that's a bit tricky to do in practice. Ideally, in fact, we would use a
different strategy, and emit the thunks as discardable definitions in
each compilation that *uses* them. But for now emitting them with
weak_odr linkage seems like a good way to make progress.
Instead of tracking the cleanup scope depth on entry to each scope,
track an "ambient" cleanup scope depth that's *after* the destructors of
local variables in that scope. This gets increased to include the
destructors of local variables when we create a name-binding
declaration. Then, when we reach a point where temporaries should be
destroyed, run cleanups that are after the ambient cleanup scope depth
on the stack. This happens:
* At the `;` of a statement expression.
* At the `)` of an `if` or `while` statement.
* After performing the implied `HasValue()` call in a `for` statement.
Per informal agreement with leads, this means we lifetime-extend all
temporaries created in the initializer of a name-binding declaration to
the full scope of that declaration, but that temporaries created in an
expression statement are destroyed at the `;`.
When a Carbon virtual function overrides a C++ virtual function, we need
to export it with the C++ signature in order for it to work as an
override. Instead of mapping the C++ signature into Carbon and then back
again, use the original C++ signature from the base class as the
signature exported to C++.
Also add documentation explaining how we use thunks in C++ interop,
including in this new virtual function handling logic.
Fix a few API issues. There's also a newly-added file in compiler-rt
that is not supposed to be built by default but is not being excluded
properly by a glob. Added a patch to exclude that and sent
https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/pull/208861 upstream.
Implement the toolchain side of proposal #7254, removing the `:!`
binding
syntax for generic and template parameters in favor of the keywords
`generic`,
`template`, and `runtime` plus contextual defaults for phase.
For valid programs this is semantics-preserving: each binding resolves
to the
same phase, and produces the same SemIR, as it did under `:!`/`:`. The
parser
derives a binding's phase from its syntactic context plus any explicit
phase
keyword; new diagnostics and error recovery for misused keywords are
described
below.
Implementation details for each component:
- Lexer: remove the `:!` (`ColonExclaim`) token, move its virtual
parse-node
budget onto `:`, and add the `generic` and `runtime` keywords.
- Parser: thread a `BindingContext` (`ExplicitParam`, `DeducedParam`, or
`CompileTimeEntityParam`) from declaration introducers down through
parameter
lists to each binding pattern, using a one-token lookahead to
distinguish a
name-qualifier parameter list from a declaration's own final list.
Parameters
of a compile-time entity (`class`, `interface`, `constraint`, `choice`,
`alias`, `export`, `namespace`) and deduced `[]` parameters default to
checked
generic; explicit function parameters and local bindings default to
runtime.
`HandleBindingPattern` resolves the phase from that context plus the
keyword: a
`generic` keyword needs no node of its own (the phase is carried by the
binding's node kind), while a `runtime` keyword is preserved as a
`RuntimeBindingName` node so `check` can name it in a diagnostic. A
phase
keyword that is merely redundant with the contextual default is
diagnosed
here, without invalidating the parse tree.
- Check: a phase keyword that is invalid for its context (for example
`runtime`
on a checked-generic parameter) is diagnosed here, and recovers by
building an
error binding that still introduces the name so that later uses of it do
not
produce cascading errors.
The removed `:!` syntax is now rejected as an ordinary parse error.
The `form`/`:?`/`->?` ("extended types") portion of proposal #7254 is
left for a
separate change.
Assisted-by: Claude Code
In #7436 we stopped substituting `.Self` when collecting witnesses out
of a facet type. While this was correct, it did not capture all the
cases that need to avoid substituting `.Self`. And it poisoned the
`IdentifiedFacetType` cache by not replacing `.Self` but storing the
result in the cache. This led to incoherent behaviour, where the result
of an impl lookup would change depending on which ones had been done
previously.
Now we use a flag to track for each `.Self` if we're currently
type-checking inside the scope where it was introduced in a facet type.
While inside that scope, identify should not replace the `.Self`. Any
use of it should remain as-is since we don't yet know what value will
replace it. We call this state "frozen" since it should not be modified
by identify. This requires a substitution step when we leave the scope
that introduced the `.Self`, to remove the flag. The flag is set in the
`EntityName` of the `SymbolicBinding`, and is part of the canonical
value, since `.Self` can become part of types, which are constants, and
the flag needs to follow it for correct behaviour.
We also have to ensure the flag is the same when doing comparison with
constants from inside a facet type and constants from outside. For
instance in `(Z where .Z1 = ()) where .Z2 = .Z1`, when we arrive at the
second `.Z1` its `.Self` will be frozen, while the `.Z1 = ()` contains a
non-frozen `.Self`. So we add the frozen flag to the first when storing
it in `where_stack` in order to compare the constant values of the two
`.Z1`.
The `WhereExpr` requirement inst kinds now have an `InstConstantKind` of
`AlwaysUnique` instead of `Never`. This allows us to add them to the
usual InstBlocks, and in an `eval fn` body they have a constant value,
so eval does not fail when trying to call that function. We have to be
careful to not consider `AlwaysUnique` as being actually concrete
though, since their constant value erases `.Self`-dependence. This
allows us to stop special casing them when thawing the requirements
block in a `WhereExpr`, and we can just thaw each `InstId` in the block
in a straightforward manner.
We add the new flag to the instruction's fingerprint and name in
formatted semir.
This allows C++ to call Carbon functions with generic type parameters,
with some conditions. Example:
```carbon
interface I {
fn Doit(self);
}
class A {
impl as I { fn Doit(unused self) {} }
}
class B {
impl as I { fn Doit(unused self) {} }
}
fn F[T:! I](t: T) {
t.Doit();
}
inline Cpp '''
void G() {
Carbon::A a;
Carbon::B b;
Carbon::F(a);
Carbon::F(b);
}
''';
```
The initial support is limited; only explicit parameters are handled
currently.
`CarbonExternalASTSource::GetOrExportFunctionToCpp` now generates a
`clang::FunctionTemplateDecl` for generic Carbon functions. If C++ code
attempts to call that templated function,
`CarbonExternalASTSource::LoadExternalSpecializations` will be called
with the template argument types of that call site. Then we can generate
a specialized thunk for those argument types for C++ to call.
Each file dump now starts with a `; ---` comment and ends with a blank
line. This makes it easier to visually scan the dump for a file of
interest. The comment format is somewhat arbitrary; I chose `---` to
align with the `--- filename.carbon` separator in SemIR dumps, but
without the filename, because that appears on each of the next two lines
already.
Move the existing derived->base conversion earlier in
`PerformBuiltinConversion`, into the block that handles qualifier
conversions. This allows, for example, converting from `partial Derived`
to `partial Base` -- see the tests in
`toolchain/check/testdata/class/inheritance/derived_to_base.carbon`.
If C++ overload resolution selects a builtin operator candidate for an
enum comparison or bitwise operator, provide support for that operator
by generating a corresponding Carbon builtin function. This is
structured to be easily extensible to other C++ builtin overload
candidates if we so choose, but for now the operators defined in the
prelude are doing what we want in most cases.
Bitwise operators on enums produce the same enum type as a result. This
intentionally deviates from C++, where they produce a promoted integral
type.
Assisted-by: Gemini via Antigravity
In generate_ast.cpp, an `CarbonExternalASTSource` is installed that has
a `Check::Context` pointer. During lowering, this `ExternalASTSource` is
still installed, and using it can cause a crash if the now-invalid
pointer is dereferenced.
Fix by adding a new `ReadOnlyASTSource` in sem_ir, and using that during
lowering.
`CarbonExternalASTSource` now inherits from `ReadOnlyASTSource` to avoid
some code duplication.
In generate_ast.cpp, we now always install a multiplex source, even if
there's only one child source. Clang internally keeps pointers to the
top-level `ExternalASTSource` installed via `setExternalSource`, and
those pointers aren't updated if `setExternalSource` is called again. By
using `MultiplexExternalSemaSource`, we can keep the top-level
`ExternalASTSource` pointer the same, and only update its children.
Using `MultiplexExternalSemaSource` this way requires a new constructor
and a method to modify its child sources; added a new LLVM patch adding
those.
Originally landed in #7335, reverted in #7353 due to ASAN errors.
Changes since original:
* Use LLVM RTTI to make `Lower::Context::Finalize` less brittle.
Add LLVM RTTI to `ReadOnlyASTSource` (and `CarbonExternalASTSource`).
Change Finalize so that instead of just deleting the last multiplex
child source, it erases any multiplex child sources that match
`ReadOnlyASTSource`; this includes `CarbonExternalASTSource` since it's
a subclass.
* Fix ASAN error by updating the `MultiplexExternalSemaSource` earlier
in lowering. It is sometimes accessed during PrepareToLower, so update
it in `Context::GetFileContext` rather than `Context::Finalize`.
Fixes https://github.com/carbon-language/carbon-lang/issues/7142
The bulk of this change is changing most pattern insts to be `Always`
rather than `AlwaysUnique` constants, so that they can be wrapped in
`SpecificConstant`s to perform substitution. That then lets thunking
rely much more on `SpecificConstant` wrappers instead of deep-copying
the inst tree with modified types.
This approach to thunking should scale better, particularly as things
like form generics make function signatures more complex, because we can
leverage the existing support for constant evaluation and substitution.
Unfortunately, applying this approach to binding patterns will require
more work; see the TODO near the top of `thunk.cpp` for details.
---------
Co-authored-by: Richard Smith <richard@metafoo.co.uk>
In generate_ast.cpp, an `CarbonExternalASTSource` is installed that has
a `Check::Context` pointer. During lowering, this `ExternalASTSource` is
still installed, and using it can cause a crash if the now-invalid
pointer is dereferenced.
Fix by adding a new `ReadOnlyASTSource` in sem_ir, and using that during
lowering.
`CarbonExternalASTSource` now inherits from `ReadOnlyASTSource` to avoid
some code duplication.
In generate_ast.cpp, we now always install a multiplex source, even if
there's only one child source. Clang internally keeps pointers to the
top-level `ExternalASTSource` installed via `setExternalSource`, and
those pointers aren't updated if `setExternalSource` is called again. By
using `MultiplexExternalSemaSource`, we can keep the top-level
`ExternalASTSource` pointer the same, and only update its children.
Using `MultiplexExternalSemaSource` this way requires a new constructor
and a method to modify its child sources; added a new LLVM patch adding
those.
https://github.com/carbon-language/carbon-lang/issues/7142
Implements proposal #7016: `self` moves from the deduced implicit list
(`fn F[self: Self]()`) to the front of the explicit list. Its type may
be written explicitly (`fn F(self: Self)`) or omitted, in which case it
defaults to `Self` (`fn F(self)`, `fn F(ref self)`); `self` in the
implicit list is rejected.
Throughout checking, `self` is modeled as the first explicit parameter.
Because a method is just a function whose first parameter is `self`, it
can also be called as an ordinary function with the receiver passed
explicitly (`Type.M(obj, ...)`), not only as `obj.M(...)`. A new
`SemIR::CallArgParamPatterns` helper chooses the parameters matched
against the explicit arguments, excluding a leading `self` only when it
is supplied as a method-call receiver; arity checking, conversion, and
generic deduction use it. The resulting SemIR and lowering are
unchanged: `self` is still `call_param0`, and witnesses, thunks, and
vtables are unaffected.
An omitted `self` type is parsed as a `SelfBindingPattern` node with no
type expression; checking synthesizes the `Self` type so it behaves
exactly like `self: Self`. However, the exact spelling used must match
between a forward declaration and a definition, following #3763's rules
around declaration matching.
Generated functions, thunks, and C++ interop import/export build `self`
as the first explicit parameter, and the `self`-type override (e.g.
Derived->Base for a virtual override) applies to the explicit `self`.
Placement is validated by new diagnostics: `SelfInImplicitParamList`,
`SelfNotFirstParam`, and `SelfOutsideParamList`. The benchmark source
generator and the documentation adopt the `(self)` shorthand; the
prelude, the examples, and the test data are migrated in the following
commits.
Assisted-by: Claude Code with Claude Opus 4.7
---------
Co-authored-by: josh11b <15258583+josh11b@users.noreply.github.com>
This is only valid when the operand is an initializing expression that
holds a copy of the value, but we were incorrectly also forming it when
the operand was an in-place initializing expression.
Fixes a crash in lowering when attempting to lower an invalid
`value_of_initializer`.
Adapters were erroneously satisfying `Core.Destroy` because we were
directly getting the object's representation without consideration for
abstract and adapted types. This change ensures that adapted types'
representations are used instead of the adapter types.
This helps us move away from the clone-with-modifications approach to
thunking, which gets unwieldy as signatures get more complex.
---------
Co-authored-by: Richard Smith <richard@metafoo.co.uk>
Fix import logic to make all imported packages be children of the
`NameScopeId::Package` scope. Previously, indirectly-imported packages
would end up as children of their importing package's scope, which
resulted in them not being treated as packages at all, and in particular
not being fingerprinted as packages.
Fixing that caused a failure in the fingerprinting logic as we started
to encounter packages with no correspoding import scopes. Instead of
looking for import scopes, use a simpler mechanism to map packages to
their package names, and clean up.
Unfortunately the latter change churns all the fingerprints again :(
Hopefully this is the last time for a while.
When we import from another library in the same package, its entities
end up with our library as their parent scope, resulting in cross-file
fingerprint mismatches. Instead, only include the library ID when
fingerprinting either a package-private entity or an `ImportIRId` that
refers to a particular `SemIR::File`.
Use the Carbon-computed alignment for allocas, loads, stores, and
memcpys. Previously we used whatever LLVM felt like giving us, which
would result in ABI mismatches and runtime crashes due to misalignment
when creating objects of imported C++ class types, as well as resulting
in some surprising choices like `(i32, i32)` and `()` having 8-byte
alignment instead of 4 and 1, respectively.
For now, disable the use of array types as by-var paramters and by-init
return types when exporting Carbon functions to C++, as C++ does not
support raw arrays being passed or returned by value.
Assisted-by: Gemini via Antigravity
Include the library name in the fingerprint of an entity declared
`private` at namespace scope. Include the entity's fingerprint in the
mangling of a library-private entity.
This fixes miscompiles if two libraries in the same package declare
`private` entites with the same name. We can't fix this with internal
linkage because library-private entities can be reachable through
generics defined in the API file of the library.
Assisted-by: Gemini via Antigravity
Carbon-side thunks (for example the `Copy`/`Destroy` witness thunks
generated for imported C++ types) are mangled by Carbon, and their names
incorporate a fingerprint of the involved types. The instruction
fingerprinter identifies a class only by its name and parent scope,
which is sufficient for Carbon classes but not for imported C++ classes:
different specializations of one class template (and other cases such as
types in anonymous namespaces) share a Carbon name and parent scope. As
a result, the thunks for two distinct specializations could mangle to
the same name, producing a single LLVM function with two definitions and
failing `verifyModule` during lowering.
When fingerprinting a class imported from C++, also include the Clang
mangled name of its type.
Test: toolchain/lower/testdata/interop/cpp/thunks.carbon gains a split
with two specializations of one class template, each requiring a thunk;
their thunks now get distinct mangled names instead of colliding.
Assisted-by: Claude Code
---------
Co-authored-by: Christopher Di Bella <cjdb.ns@gmail.com>
Fixes link failures when referencing a symbol involving a fingerprint
from a different package.
Previously we included the `Namespace`'s `import_id` as part of its
fingerprint, which caused local and imported namespaces to get different
fingerprints. We now store the `import_id` on the `NameScope` instead of
on the `Namespace` inst to avoid this problem.
Also, when we reach a package-level `NameScopeId`, consistently
fingerprint it as a (package name, library name) pair. Previously the
fingerprinting depended on whether it was imported or not, as an
imported `NameScopeId` had a parent scope (the current package). We need
to include the library name here so that private entities with the same
name in different libraries have different fingerprints.
We were incorrectly computing the index of the Clang implicit conversion
corresponding to method arguments. This led to wrong code and a crash in
lowering due to a calling convention mismatch.
Fixes#7224.
Assisted-by: Gemini via Antigravity
This allows Clang to correctly generate the vtable for the exported
class.
There's still something wrong with new virtual functions in the Carbon
type (left a TODO) - I thought it might be related to not flagging
the CXXMethodDecl as virtual, but my initial experiments don't seem to
back that up, so I'll look into it further separately.
There's also a test regression due to an virtual (well, abstract
specifically, but I think it'd happen with a virtual one too) function
in an abstract class taking `self` by value being rejected since
the abstract class can't be instantiated. Not sure if this is a correct
change - the test's behavior could be preserved by using `ref self`
instnead of `self` in this function. Is that reasonable/expected? Should
we not require a type to be complete when passing by value if we can
compute the value representation without such completeness?
---------
Co-authored-by: Richard Smith <richard@metafoo.co.uk>
Not every entry in a C++ vtable corresponds to a function that we want
to import. For the holes, leave a `SemIR::InstId::None` in the vtable.
Also mark vtables that extend a C++ vtable as being non-Carbon-native so
we don't try to lower them (and crash on the `None` entries).
In particular, we leave holes for destructors, since we don't have
destructor declarations on the Carbon side that need to override them.
* For Carbon `base class C`, export as a regular C++ class.
* For Carbon `class C`, export with the C++ `final` keyword attribute.
* For Carbon `abstract C`, mark the destructor as pure virtual in cases
where no member function is abstract, or emit an error if the destructor
is not virtual.
To support the final point, mark the destructor of an exported class as
virtual if it overrides a virtual destructor from the base class.
In passing, fix a crash exporting fields if the class has an invalid
base type.
Previously, we picked a single Carbon parameter pattern for each C++
parameter pattern. This doesn't work well in cases where the Carbon
semantics and the C++ semantics are not perfectly aligned. In
particular, when a parameter is passed by value in C++, that might mean
either pass-by-move (which in Carbon would best be modeled by a `var`
pattern, as no other form of parameter would perform a move) or
pass-by-copy (which in Carbon would best be modeled by a value
parameter, as a `var` parameter would force an extra copy).
After this change, we compute a passing mode for each parameter based on
the implicit conversion sequence from the argument to the parameter as
determined by C++ overload resolution, and use that to determine the
Carbon pattern corresponding to each C++ parameter. This results in
potentially generating multiple different thunks for the same C++
function if it's called in different ways, but we already did that to
handle default arguments and list-initialization. The passing modes are
included in the thunk mangling.
Add a new value store for clang decl signatures, which capture the
information about parameter passing mode as well as the other existing
information about different ways that a C++ function might be imported
to Carbon.
Most of the rules for computing passing modes are the same as before:
const references use pass by value, non-const lvalue references use
pass-by-ref, non-const rvalue references use pass-by-var. But for C++
non-reference parameters, pick between pass-by-value and pass-by-var
based on whether the implicit conversion sequence was effectively
performing a copy. Prefer pass-by-value if either would work and they'd
do the same thing. We still use pass-by-value for const references, even
when the argument is an lvalue and we could pass a reference; we may
want to change this in future.
For virtual functions, we try to pick a worst-case passing mode, as we
can only pick a single signature for what goes in the vtable. Calls to
virtual functions will still use a thunk to C++, allowing variance in
the calling convention at call sites. We don't allow variance in the
overriders as we don't implement support for thunks for virtual
functions yet. We currently use pass-by-value for const reference
parameters here, but that should probably change at some point.
Assisted-by: Gemini via Antigravity
This correctly renders the vtable in SemIR, including allowing overrides
in
Carbon-derived-from-C++ classes.
It doesn't work in lowering because clang walks the methods of the
CXXRecordDecl - and we currently don't export anything into the
CXXRecordDecl's methods (we do export the fields) - so that's next.
This also doesn't teach Clang to affirmatively emit the vtable
regardless of the types use in C++ code - or to have Carbon use the
vtable in an object's initialization.
https://carbon.compiler-explorer.com/z/88K9Kh5Wo shows the program
exiting with a garbage value copied from uninitialized memory.
This PR modifies `lower` to detect if the function lowered is the
entry point and doesn't specify a return type. If so, it emits
different LLVM IR to return int32 0, and modifies the lowered
function signature to match the int32 return type.
Fixes mangling collisions when two thunks with the same name (eg, `Op`)
are created in the same context, which in turn would lead to LLVM
verifier failures and miscompiles.
To support this, add a new value store to track a little more
information about thunks beyond what's in the `Function`.
A destructor is added to the C++ class definition in
`CarbonExternalASTSource::CompleteType`. The destructor calls a Carbon
function that calls the `Destroy` operator.
Richard Smith
Dana Jansens
arhwx
Geoff RomerandNicholas Bishop
Chandler Carruth
Nicholas Bishop
David Blaikie
Christopher Di Bella
Lucile Rose Nihlen