Commit Graph
515 Commits
Author SHA1 Message Date
Dana Jansens 9fb428d713 Ensure specific in ImplWitness has resolved definition before accessing witness table (#8040)
When impl lookup results in an `ImplWitness`, either directly or later
through `LookupImplWitness` evaluating to an `ImplWitness` inside some
specific, it represents a dependency on the eval blocks of the
`ImplDecl` that the `ImplWitness` comes from. The `ImplWitness` contains
a `SpecificId` of the `ImplDecl`, and the constants in the witness table
must be viewed through that `SpecificId`. The constants may depend on
the declaration or the definition block of the `ImplDecl`'s specific, so
any use of the witness table from `ImplWitness` requires the specific
from the `ImplWitness` to be fully resolved: both the decl and
definition blocks.

The specific declaration block is always resolved immediately when
forming a specific id, so there's nothing to do there. And things are
simple when the `ImplWitness` returned from impl lookup is concrete. We
would simply resolve the specific definition directly in the evaluation
of `LookupImplWitness`.

But when the `ImplWitness` is symbolic, meaning there's a dependency on
generic parameters in its referenced specific, then we have a dependency
on resolving the specific definition in the `ImplWitness` for every
specific that gets applied to the `ImplWitness`, eventually resulting in
a concrete specific.

Previously we attempted to do this by representing a dependency edge
from the eval block containing the `ImplWitness` instruction to the
definition block of the specific inside the `ImplWitness`. We
represented this dependency edge with the `RequireSpecificDefinition`
instruction.

The challenge with the `RequireSpecificDefinition` instruction was
ensuring it always landed in the _same eval block_ as the one holding
the symbolic `ImplWitness`. Ultimately, we've found a way to do this
without the `RequireSpecificDefinition`. The witness table is accessed
through `ImplWitnessAccess`, so we resolve the specific definition
before each access to the witness table. If the definition is already
resolved, this just costs a lookup of the Specific from the value store.

We document the other things we tried, which don't work or were too
complex, below.

In PR #6236, we added the `RequireSpecificDefinition` instruction in the
eval of `LookupImplWitness`, but this is too late. If impl lookup
resolved to a symbolic `LookupImplWitness`, the `LookupImplWitness` is
added some eval block. Later, we form specifics and re-evaluate that
eval block, and the `LookupImplWitness` can evaluate to an
`ImplWitness`. Adding the `RequireSpecificDefinition` instruction at
this point inserts the instruction into whatever generic's eval block
happens to be on the top of the generic stack, not the eval block of the
generic we are building a specific for. And indeed we can't add
instructions to a generic's eval block later like this, as it would be
missing from specifics that were already resolved for the generic. This
incorrect insertion shows up as a crash in eval at the CHECK introduced
but commented out in [eval.cpp in
#7981](https://github.com/carbon-language/carbon-lang/blob/56d9bbc40add1e9263f2f9b2555c3a27292d1725/toolchain/check/eval.cpp#L3507-L3512).
This is covered by the
`require_specific_impl_definition_through_specific_instantiation.carbon`
test.

We tried moving the insertion of `RequireSpecificDefinition` to be
earlier - at the point where the `LookupImplWitness` is constructed, in
the `LookupImplWitness()` function, instead of inside evaluation. This
seemed like a straightforwardly correct answer, as the eval block that
contains the `LookupImplWitness` will then also contain the
`RequireSpecificDefinition`. However, this can cause us to lose the
`RequireSpecificDefinition` entirely. Because it's a separate
instruction, not an operand of `LookupImplWitness`, it does not get
treated as a dependency of the witness. When we do an impl lookup inside
an `alias`, we build a generic for the alias and then discard it. This
discards the eval block containing the `LookupImplWitness`. Then, in an
enclosing generic, we refer to the constructed `AliasDecl` instruction,
which pulls all its dependent operands into the enclosing eval block.
This pulls in the `LookupImplWitness` into the enclosing eval block, but
it does not preserve the `RequireSpecificDefinition`. This is covered by
the
`require_specific_impl_definition_from_lookup_impl_witness_in_class_definition.carbon`
test.

We tried having `ImplWitness` evaluation resolve the specific definition
of the specific `ImplDecl` it refers to. This seems like the simplest
approach by far as we should always be working with the correct eval
block and nothing can get lost. However it does not work because of the
recursive nature of `ImplWitness`. The `ImplWitness` instruction appears
in the declaration of an `ImplDecl`, and the `ImplWitness` holds a
`SpecificId` for that same `ImplDecl`. When building a specific
`ImplDecl`, we evaluate the `ImplWitness` in the `ImplDecl`'s
declaration block which then immediately resolves the specific
definition before the declaration is finished. This leads to missing
instructions in the specific definition. In short, this puts the
dependency edge to the `ImplDecl`'s specific inside the `ImplDecl`
itself, which is problematic.

We tried wrapping `ImplWitness` in another instruction,
`ImplWitnessUse`. Inside the `ImplDecl` declaration there is still
`ImplWitness`, but then in the definition there is `ImplWitnessUse` and
that is what is returned from the evaluation of `LookupImplWitness`. The
`ImplWitnessUse` is an `ImplWitness` plus it ensures the specific
referred to by the witness has its definition resolved. However this
breaks constant comparisons, as we get different witnesses inside an
impl versus outside.

The first iteration of this PR's solution had us insert the
`RequireSpecificDefinition` into the eval block when we sniffed a
`LookupImplWitness` instruction, however that missed cases where impl
lookup immediately resolved to a symbolic `ImplWitness`, which is why we
now sniff for the `ImplWitness` in the eval block. This is covered by
the
`require_specific_impl_definition_from_symbolic_impl_in_class_definition.carbon`
test.

We also originally made a mistake of not inserting
`RequireSpecificDefinition` when inside the impl definition that the
`ImplWitness` refers to. But we can form specifics ImplWitness values
through function signatures, and these must add the dependency edge on
that specific ImplDecl definition. This is covered by the
`require_specific_impl_definition_from_inside_impl_definition.carbon`
test.

Finally, we did have a working solution. It was to sniff instructions
added to the eval block of a generic, and when an `ImplWitness` is added
to the eval block (it is implied that it is symbolic), also add a
`RequireSpecificDefinition` to that eval block immediately. We also
resolved the definition of a specific referred to by `ImplWitness` when
`LookupImplWitness` evaluates to `ImplWitness` to cover the concrete
witness case. This complicated the construction of the eval block
immensely, however. It caused a situation where adding one inst to the
eval block actually adds two, which we needed to avoid when importing.
And it required inst-kind specific behaviour in the very general
construction of an eval block, completely outside of eval itself.
2026-11-03 14:15:14 +00:00
David BlaikieandChristopher Di Bella d99b767dde Export fields of imported Carbon classes to C++ (#8021)
When a Carbon class from another library was used from C++, its fields
were never exported, so C++ member access failed with 'no member named'.
The class scope of an imported class holds import references rather than
`FieldDecl`s, so `LookupClassFieldByStructField` didn't find them.
Resolve scope entries to their constant `FieldDecl`, load the import
references before exporting fields, and consistently key exported fields
by the `FieldDecl`.

Unfortunately `SemIR::LookupClassFieldByStructField` can't call
`LoadImportRef` because `SemIR::LookupClassFieldByStructField` is in
`SemIR` and `LoadImportRef` needs a `Check::Context` (and `check`
depends on `sem_ir`, not the other way around, so `sem_ir` can't use
check). So instead, make a `Check::LookupClassFieldByStructField` that
wraps the `SemIR` version, and does the `LoadImportRef`

Assisted-By: Claude

---------

Co-authored-by: Christopher Di Bella <cjdb.ns@gmail.com>
2026-11-02 20:37:01 +00:00
David Blaikie 5c9ab26d74 Give Carbon thunks for C++ callers linkonce_odr linkage (#8022)
This allows two C++ callers to the same Carbon function, written in
different Carbon files, to generate thunks that won't collide/duplicate
symbol at link time - instead the thunks get deduplicated silently by
the linker.
2026-11-02 18:53:01 +00:00
David Blaikie 4abb6100e7 Define exported C++ thunks in the LLVM function Clang uses for them (#8060)
Carbon gives the C++ declaration of an exported Carbon thunk an asm
label that
includes the target's global symbol prefix (`_` on Mach-O). Clang names
a
declaration with an asm label `\01<label>` in the IR, so that LLVM uses
the
label verbatim as the symbol name, while Carbon lowered the thunk
definition
under its unprefixed name. Both name the same symbol, but they were
distinct
globals in the IR, so LLVM couldn't see that the C++ calls refer to the
Carbon
definition. That only works while the definition is never discarded.

Mark the Carbon thunk as a `CppThunk` (as described in
`toolchain/docs/check/cpp/thunks.md`), record its C++ declaration in
`clang_decls`, and when lowering the thunk, ask Clang for its function
(creating it if necessary) and define the thunk in that function. This
means
that the thunk and the C++ calls to it always use the same IR global,
with
Clang's name and signature.

The thunk takes all of its parameters by reference, so Clang lowers its
parameters the same way Carbon does, but some C++ ABIs (such as Apple
arm64)
return `this` from constructors. In that case, return the parameter that
Clang
marks `returned`.

On targets without a global prefix, the IR names already matched, so the
only
change is that the thunk definitions now carry Clang's parameter and
function
attributes.
2026-10-30 01:22:12 +00:00
Richard Smith 6d51427790 Add tests for generic terse function declarations. (#8051)
We have test coverage for both features in isolation, but it seems
worthwhile having coverage for the combination of the two.
2026-10-28 15:33:40 +00:00
Christopher Di Bella 05a7ecbd34 Move SubobjectDestroy and SelfDestruct out of interface Destroy (#7942)
Determining that a type has trivial destruction requires checking
whether all of its subobjects have trivial destruction and whether its
type has a custom witness for `Destroy.Op`. This isn't possible when
`Destroy` is the custodian for `Destroy.Op` and `SubobjectDestroy.Op`,
so we need to make `SubobjectDestroy` its own interface.

`Destroy.SelfDestruct` becomes a standalone function because it depends
on `SubobjectDestroy` and `Destroy` being implemented, and is also
responsible for generating any custom witnesses for both interfaces.
Making `SelfDestruct` an interface was experimented with, but this
required a blanket impl that caused issues for facet types.

`Destroy` depends on `SubobjectDestroy` to be implemented. We'd ideally
use `require impls SubobjectDestroy`, but it isn't complete yet, and it
also causes problems when `Destroy` is implemented inside the class
definition. We work around this by temporarily renaming the `Destroy`
interface to `DestroyImpl`, and introducing a constraint called
`Destroy` so that user code doesn't need to write `Core.SubobjectDestroy
& Core.Destroy`.
2026-10-26 21:35:01 +00:00
Geoff RomerandDana Jansens 4441c53404 Simplify GetConstantValue (#8005)
- Resolve Specifics eagerly during evaluation. Previous import changes
have made deferral unnecessary. This simplifies the code and unblocks
the next item.
- Overload `GetConstantValue` for all ID kinds, rather than having a
separate `GetConstantValueOrPassThrough` function, so that callers don't
have to choose between them.

---------

Co-authored-by: Dana Jansens <danakj@orodu.net>
2026-10-20 23:21:00 +00:00
Nicholas Bishop 2e21255855 Partial support for a generic class inheriting from a virtual C++ class (#8007)
This allows a generic class to inherit from a virtual C++ class as long
as the subclass doesn't override any methods. See
toolchain/lower/testdata/interop/cpp/class/import/inherit.carbon for a
working example.

The TODO in `CheckCompleteClassType` is now in
`CarbonExternalASTSource::CompleteType`, and only triggers if virtual
function thunks need to be defined.

A fix in `FileContext::BuildVtable` is also needed: when looking up the
clang decl associated with the vtable, if the class is generic then the
`ClassTemplateSpecializationDecl` associated with the specific is
needed. This required adding `ConstantStore::Get`, since only `const`
access is allowed during lowering.
2026-10-20 20:43:34 +00:00
Lucile Rose Nihlen 9799a23262 Export function default values to C++ (#7988)
Adds code to track default values for function parameters in C++ export,
and to export them as global variables to C++ that are attached to
default value expressions in the clang AST.

Modifes lower to export global variables from another block, and adds
the variable initialization to the `global_init` block so their value
gets set at load time.
2026-10-20 20:38:22 +00:00
David Blaikie 309d3d63c5 Use IndirectIndexWith.Ref for subscripting when available (#7975)
When checking `a[i]` for a non-array type, first try
`IndirectIndexWith.Ref`, falling back to `IndexWith.At`, per the
indexing design. This allows subscripting to produce a reference
expression, so that `a[i] = v` works and non-copyable elements can be
accessed.

Extracted from #7536 (the `Core.Slice` proposal).
2026-10-17 00:14:10 +00:00
Richard Smith e8ffeef7b5 Add tests for generic functions with ref, val, and var auto returns. (#7997)
Assisted-by: Claude via Antigravity
2026-10-16 22:42:21 +00:00
Richard Smith b766aa4d16 Support for terse => function bodies (#7895)
Treat the function as having a `-> auto` return type. Reject calls to
functions that still have a non-deduced `-> auto` return type, and
rewrite the function to have the actual return type once it is known.

Assisted-by: Gemini via Antigravity
2026-10-16 21:48:48 +00:00
Richard Smith 0d3b606a56 Support calls to generic functions with deduced return types. (#7981)
When a deduced return type depends on the function's generic parameters,
it's computed by the definition's eval block, so resolve the specific's
definition at the call. Calling a specific during its own instantiation,
before the point where its return type is deduced, is diagnosed like any
other use of the function before its return type is known. Also allow
exporting such functions to C++.

Resolving such a specific from within a checked generic can perform
template actions with symbolic arguments. Perform delayed actions in a
discarded generic region so the instructions they create aren't attached
to the generic being checked, and check that evaluating a specific
doesn't add anything to an enclosing generic region.

Assisted-by: Claude via Antigravity
2026-10-16 19:41:02 +00:00
David Blaikie 6d80ceb58e Add the IndirectIndexWith interface to the prelude (#7974)
Matching the API as described in the update in #5434, with a `Ref`
rather than `Addr` function (and `ref` rather than pointer return form).
Also added a blanket `final` impl of `IndexWith` when the element type
impls `Copy` (since `IndexWith` requires copyable elements) - which
differs slightly from the design wording, which doesn't account for the
copyability requirement.

Proposal #5389 (in review) would rework these interfaces, but this
should do for now until that's finalized.

Tested using the interface directly - follow-up change will add the
subscript support to check.

Extracted from #7536 (the `Core.Slice` proposal).
2026-10-16 18:58:39 +00:00
Richard Smith 09b79784dc Include the Carbon package name in the exported C++ namespace. (#7935)
When exporting `X` from Carbon package `Foo`, expose it to C++ with
fully-qualified name `Carbon::Foo::X`, not simply `Carbon::X`. This
ensures that C++ mangled names properly distinguish between same-named
Carbon entities in different packages.

Name *lookup* into `Carbon::` still uses the same rules as before: it
finds what a `package.` lookup would find in Carbon. So `X` is named
from C++ as `Carbon::X` still, and a lookup for `Carbon::Foo` fails,
even though `X`'s "true name" is now `Carbon::Foo::X`.

Assisted-by: Gemini via Antigravity
2026-10-15 20:26:05 +00:00
Dana Jansens 7beb29f8b2 Use a fallback loc for diagnostics generated on canonical insts (#7967)
We allow using `InstId` as a `LocId` for diagnostics, which works great
in `handle_*` functions, where we are working with non-canonical insts.
And convert and pattern matching often are given non-canonical insts,
which they can use, or pull apart to find some other inst, and use those
as a location for diagnostics. However these operations can also be
called with canonical insts, which have no location. In that case if we
need to diagnose an error, it ends up not being attached to any code at
all. Since we always have a `LocId` somewhere up the call stack, pass it
along and in these places that handle canonical instructions too, use
`GetInstLocationOrFallback()` to get a valid location for diagnostics.

This is also similar to what eval does with its fallback `LocId`.

The result is that many diagnostics now have a location where they had
none before. It also means some insts don't get `<elided>` in formatted
semir for not having a location at all and thus not being in range.
2026-10-15 19:03:10 +00:00
Chandler Carruth 2c9739799b Render diagnostics through the terminal library (#7683)
Diagnostic rendering was part of the data model: `Loc::FormatLocation`
and
`Loc::FormatSnippet` wrote plain text to a stream, so no capability,
color, or
terminal width could reach them.

A diagnostic is now one message with labels, contexts, and location
information
attached, and `Diagnostics::Renderer` draws it into a
`Terminal::Buffer`. The
design is in `toolchain/docs/diagnostics_rendering.md` (#7668),
authoring in
`toolchain/docs/diagnostics.md`.

Before:

```
example.carbon:6:3: error: 1 argument passed to function expecting 0 arguments
  Run0(1);
  ^~~~~~~
example.carbon:3:1: note: calling function declared here
fn Run0() {}
^~~~~~~~~~~
```

After:

```
error: 1 argument passed to function expecting 0 arguments
       ╭─┤ example.carbon:6:3
       ┆
     3 │ fn Run0() {}
       · ─────┬─────
       ·      ╰──┤ calling function declared here
       ┆
->   6 │   Run0(1);
       ·   ───────
       ╰────────────
```

`--no-diagnostic-snippets` gives a compact form, `example.carbon:6:3-9`.
File
tests use it; the rendering tests under `toolchain/diagnostics/testdata`
ask for
snippets.

C++ interop diagnostics are data now rather than text Clang drew:
`SemIR::ClangSourceLocId` names a `clang::SourceRange`, and a Clang
location is
marked as the point it names.

`StreamConsumer` moves to a `:renderer` target that `:emitter` does not
depend
on, keeping `common/terminal` out of `consumer.h`. Capabilities come
from the
file behind the error stream, so tests get plain ASCII.

`renderer_fuzzer` draws diagnostics built from fuzzer bytes with every
capability combination, since a shape the renderer doesn't expect must
never be
why the compiler dies while reporting a problem.

TODOs mark the follow-ups: line weights and crossing lines, wrapping
that keeps
a quoted type whole, and ordering diagnostics that share a byte offset.

Also: `IncorrectExtension`'s hint moves into its message, since its note
had no
location of its own, and `strip_noise` in `check_diagnostics.py` blanks
multi-line `#define`s instead of deleting them.

Assisted-by: Claude Code
2026-10-15 06:08:57 +00:00
Richard Smith e1c8c1f855 Use specific_constant when referring to name in enclosing generic (#7936)
When unqualified lookup finds a name from an enclosing generic, create a
`specific_constant` if it's a constant, or a `specific_inst` otherwise,
to refer to that name from the inner generic. This allows consumers of
generic instructions to always use a specific of the current scope's
generic when accessing the constant value or type of a dependent
instruction.

Fixes crashes in dominance and in `GetExprCategory` caused by using
specifics for the wrong generic.

Assisted-by: Gemini via Antigravity
2026-10-15 02:00:24 +00:00
Richard Smith bf5d2a2ace Add support for -> auto deduced return types. (#7931)
The return type is deduced from the function's `return` statements
(currently required to all have the same type), or from its first
`returned var`. Calls to generic functions with deduced return types are
not yet supported.

When a function has a deduced return type, we defer the return type
portion of the callee pattern match until deduction, and during
deduction we extend the decl block and the pattern block with the
return-related instructions.

Conversions for `return expr;` statements are deferred until the return
type has been deduced. The design requires that we take the common type
of the returned types as the deduced return type, so we can't in general
perform any conversions for returned expressions until we reach the end
of the function. This is accomplished by inserting a `splice_block`
where the conversions will go, and later updating that instruction to
contain the conversion.

Assisted-by: Claude Opus 5.5 via Antigravity
2026-10-15 00:30:09 +00:00
Dana Jansens e41862d55f Handle ImplSelfWitness appearing in the RHS of a rewrite constraint in impl decl (#7943)
Normally ImplSelfWitness would be replaced in an impl decl by the time
we are constructing the witness table. If it was part of an access to an
associated constant, rewrite constraint resolution would have replaced
that access with the value assigned to the associated constant already.
But we can use `.Self` in places where it converts and forms a
FacetValue, which preserves the ImplSelfWitness in the witness block of
the FacetValue. In that case, we want to replace it with the impl's
ImplWitness before we put it into the witness table.

This is a followup fix for
https://github.com/carbon-language/carbon-lang/pull/7930 which
introduces the CARBON_FATAL incorrectly, now that we know how to run
into it.

Add some tests that cover these situations, including one that tries to
access using the FacetValue and its witness, which fails, as a TODO
test.
2026-10-14 17:54:41 +00:00
Dana Jansens 24766e213e Defer evaluation of witnesses substituted while identifying a facet type (#7930)
When identifying a facet type, defer evaluation of LookupImplWitnesses
by redirecting them to evaluate into IdentifiedWitness. Then the caller
of identify will need to substitute the IdentifiedWitnesses, either with
witnesses of their own, or with LookupImplWitness to cause a lookup
operation.

This allows:
- An `impl as` on a named constraint can subst the witnesses in
designators from the named constraint with a witness to the impl itself.
This prevents them from looking for and finding some other overlapping
impl. (This PR)
- Impl lookup to collect rewrite/equality requirements from all named
constraints and then use the impls it has already found to evaluate any
designators in those requirements instead of performing impl lookup
again (creating a cycle). (Done in
https://github.com/carbon-language/carbon-lang/pull/7944)
- Similarly, an `impl as` can collect impls and equality requirements
from all named constraints and verify them correctly by replacing
witnesses that should refer to the impl with the correct witness instead
of performing a lookup and finding an overlapping impl. (Done in
https://github.com/carbon-language/carbon-lang/pull/7937)
- ImplWitnessAccess to be able to find rewrites from a named constraint,
not just from the initial DeclaredFacetType. (TBD)

To do this we need to introduce the concept of "identified" specifics.
In order to identify a facet type, we must construct a specific for each
require decl in a named constraint. These specifics will have
IdentifiedWitnesses inside them, but their args would otherwise match a
specific for the require decl constructed in another context. To avoid
polluting the canonical specific namespace, we introduce a second
namespace of specifics that are "identified" since they are created by
identifying.

As we have introduced a new global state that modifies eval behaviour,
we must disable that state when resolving a specific (as per
https://github.com/carbon-language/carbon-lang/pull/7923). But inside an
"identified" specific, we preserve the behaviour so that the witnesses
modified by identify (through SubstPeriodSelf or through evaluating a
require specific) have their evaluation deferred.
2026-10-14 14:12:56 +00:00
Nicholas BishopandPo-Chun Lee 9a4d4b332c Roll llvm to b08e005 (2026-10-08) (#7960)
Includes fixes for
https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/commit/53f3709522af and
https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/commit/2a6247359ee5.

---------

Co-authored-by: Po-Chun Lee <pochunlee@google.com>
2026-10-12 18:05:05 +00:00
Geoff Romer 62f1cc6a35 Rename GenericClassType to ParameterizedClassType (#7953)
The old name was potentially confusing, because non-parameterized
generic classes do not use this inst kind.
2026-10-11 23:09:12 +00:00
David Blaikie 2302272643 Only allocate return storage when the callee has a return parameter (#7886)
Calls to functions with a `ref` or `val` return form whose type might be
initialized in place (such as a class type) were given temporary return
storage, based only on the return type. Caller pattern matching then
matched that storage against the callee's `ref_return_pattern` or
`value_return_pattern`, which only supports the callee side, and
CHECK-failed. Instead, base the decision on
`call_param_ranges.return_size()`, which is computed once from the same
return pattern when the callee's declaration is built, and assert the
same property in `ConvertCallArgs` before caller pattern matching.

Assisted-By: Claude
2026-10-09 00:19:29 +00:00
Nicholas Bishop 559602b9e8 Fix lowering crash in EmitAggregateInitializer (#7920)
When `FindStorageArgForInitializer` is called from
`EmitAggregateInitializer` on a `SpliceInst`, that `SpliceInst` is
expected to have a constant `InstValue`. That may only be true in the
function specific though.

The `SpecificId` in `FindStorageArgForInitializer` defaults to `None`
and can't be set by the caller. Add a new
`FindStorageArgForInitializerInSpecific` that takes the `SpecificId` and
corresponding `File`. The original `FindStorageArgForInitializer` is now
a wrapper around the new function. This allows
`EmitAggregateInitializer` to set the appropriate `SpecificId`.

Fixes https://github.com/carbon-language/carbon-lang/issues/7873
2026-10-08 22:44:41 +00:00
David Blaikie 9fd28f7304 Lower return expr; for value return forms of class type (#7908)
A function with a value return form, such as `->? form(val C)`, is
lowered to return the value representation of `C`: a pointer for types
with a pointer value representation. However, lowering of `ReturnExpr`
re-derived the return convention independently of the function's
signature, and assumed that any returned value expression was a
`returned var`, taking the initializing-return path. For types with an
in-place initializing representation, that tried to initialize a
nonexistent return slot and crashed. (This only appeared to work for
types like `i32`, whose by-copy initializing representation happens to
match the value representation.)

Fix this by recording how the function returns its result -- `void`, by
copy, by reference, in place via an `sret` parameter, or as the entry
point's implicit `i32` -- as a `ReturnKind` in `FunctionTypeInfo` and
`FunctionInfo` when the signature is lowered, and having the `Return`
and `ReturnExpr` handlers switch on it. This keeps the signature and the
`return` lowering in agreement by construction, and replaces the
`IsEntryPoint` check in `Return` lowering.
2026-10-08 19:52:12 +00:00
Richard SmithandGeoff Romer df3cf92943 Adopt ref in Core.Iterate.Next (#7381)
Change the `cursor` parameter in `Core.Iterate.Next` to be a `ref`
parameter
instead of a pointer parameter.

Assisted-by: Gemini via Antigravity

---------

Co-authored-by: Geoff Romer <gromer@google.com>
2026-10-07 23:14:42 +00:00
David Blaikie e588469fd6 Handle return expr; in functions with a value return form (#7907)
`BuildReturnWithExpr` handled init, ref, error, and symbolic return
forms, but hit `CARBON_FATAL("Unexpected inst kind")` for a `ValueForm`,
so a definition such as `fn F() ->? form(val i32) { return 1; }`
crashed. Convert the returned expression to a value of the form's type
component, mirroring the existing `RefForm` handling.
2026-10-06 20:36:26 +00:00
Richard Smith 1b0a5709e6 Initial support for fn expressions. (#7893)
Support for `fn` expressions with the same feature set as `fn`
declarations. In particular, there is no support for captures,
positional parameters, `=>` bodies, or `auto` return types.

Note that this results in two parse nodes for each `=>` token. That's a
bug, but it matches the behavior of function declarations, and will be
fixed in a follow-up change.

Assisted-by: Gemini via Antigravity
2026-10-06 20:12:58 +00:00
Richard Smith 947c1eb527 Add a Core.Array class type, and make array refer to it. (#7892)
As described in proposal #4682, make `array(T, N)` be syntactic sugar
for the type `Core.Array` defined in the standard library. This provides
a home for impls that are specific to `Core.Array`.

Assisted-by: Gemini and Claude via Antigravity
2026-10-06 17:23:49 +00:00
Chandler Carruth c1e83b0b78 Use the plain identifier for Carbon names in C++ (#7897)
C++ interop used `GetFormatted` to turn a Carbon name into a C++ name.
For an identifier that is a Carbon keyword, such as `base`,
`GetFormatted` adds an `r#` prefix, so the C++ name came out as `r#base`
instead of `base`. This showed up in three places:

- A failed call to the C++ function `base` was reported as "no matching
function for call to 'r#base'".
- An exported Carbon function was mangled as `_ZN6CarbonL6r#baseEv`
instead of `_ZN6CarbonL4baseEv`.
- Its thunk was named `r#base__carbon_thunk` instead of
`base__carbon_thunk`.

All three now use `GetClangIdentifierInfo`, which `export.cpp` already
uses for other C++ names. The name is always an identifier in these
places: an overload set is only imported by looking up an identifier in
C++, and only functions declared in Carbon are exported, which are
always named by an identifier. So they check for an identifier, as the
export of a class name already does, rather than falling back to
`GetFormatted`. This removes a TODO about naming a `NameId::CppOperator`
overload set, which can't happen: C++ operators are resolved in
`operators.cpp` without an overload set.

Assisted-by: Claude Code
2026-10-05 17:44:20 +00:00
Geoff Romer 976692abf4 Add support for C++ pointers to Carbon methods (#7881)
C++ pointers to Carbon methods are supported using the same mechanisms
as for Carbon functions: we export the method to C++ and then form a
pointer to the exported method. This change does not support invoking a
C++ method pointer from Carbon, which will be more complicated because
we need to model instance binding on the Carbon side.
2026-10-02 16:41:55 +00:00
Christopher Di BellaandRichard Smith b2d339b581 Enable SubobjectDestroy.Op to destroy fields defined in a ClassType (#7840)
Base classes will be destroyed in a dedicated change, so we can
trivially confirm that the base is being destroyed.

This is a partial implementation of #7362.

---------

Co-authored-by: Richard Smith <richard@metafoo.co.uk>
2026-10-01 21:37:17 +00:00
Nicholas Bishop 3dadff7d01 Fix lowering crash when a SpecificInst's inst_id doesn't emit a value (#7880) 2026-10-01 19:17:49 +00:00
Geoff Romer c0bd9606de Support for converting a function to a C++ function pointer (#7789) 2026-09-30 21:13:36 +00:00
Christopher Di Bella c1492aab75 Enable SubobjectDestroy.Op to destroy array elements (#7844)
This is a partial implementation of #7362.
2026-09-30 14:01:43 +00:00
Geoff RomerandNicholas Bishop 12e1afeb15 Initial support for C++ function pointers (#7788)
This change introduces a new inst kind `CppFunctionPointerType`, which
represents an imported C++ function pointer that can be invoked from
Carbon (support for forming such a pointer from a Carbon function is in
a follow-up PR). This is implemented by treating the operation of
invoking a function pointer in C++ as if it were a call to an `__invoke`
method on the function pointer type, and extending the existing
function-import logic to support importing this fictitious method.

---------

Co-authored-by: Nicholas Bishop <nbishop@nbishop.net>
2026-09-30 00:06:06 +00:00
Richard Smith 4ca08b136d Support for typeof. (#7858)
Implements `typeof(expr)`, as described in #7697. `expr` is treated as
an unevaluated operand, and is kept in an `ExprRegion` separate from the
enclosing scope.

Assisted-by: Claude via Antigravity
2026-09-29 21:13:51 +00:00
Christopher Di Bella e8fda4519c Enable SubobjectDestroy.Op to destroy tuples (#7842)
This is a partial implementation of #7362.
2026-09-29 17:23:20 +00:00
Nicholas Bishop dc5917e88b roll llvm to 6ec87e7ec4b3 (#7856)
The `Support/LLVMDriver.h` header was renamed to `Driver.h`, and the API
of `llvm::ToolContext` changed such that a constructor call is needed
instead of aggregate initialization.

A couple new bazel deps were added (libxml2 and xz), and rules_cc
required an updated version. The addition of libxml2 and xz required
some additions to check_non_test_cc_deps.py. libxml2 also required
allow-listing an additional URL in CI jobs.

Dropped `0011_Temporarily_remove_reference_to_hermetic_toolchain.patch`,
no longer needed.

Added `0012_Drop_dependencies_on_linux_uapi_and_pyyaml.patch` to remove
a couple dependencies from llvm that Carbon doesn't currently require.
These were causing bazel queries in check_deps and
forbid_llvm_googletest.py to fail.
2026-09-29 03:32:33 +00:00
Christopher Di Bella b0bc5ed338 Enable SubobjectDestroy.Op to destroy a struct's fields (#7829)
This is a partial implementation of #7362.
2026-09-29 00:13:37 +00:00
Christopher Di Bella 6abcfa24b2 Classify decorated built-in types as trivially destructible (#7847)
Types like constant pointers and `MaybeUnformed(i32)` should have
trivial destruction, but were classified as non-trivially destructible.
2026-09-28 23:16:19 +00:00
Christopher Di Bella b227419d8d Classify classes with no struct fields as trivially destructible (#7846) 2026-09-28 22:39:03 +00:00
Richard Smith d4c7ca4221 Support for dependent initialization in templates (#7801)
Add support for deferring initialization as a template action, and
performing the deferred initialization during template instantiation.

This is substantially more complex than other conversion actions, for
two primary reasons:

* The initializer in the generic may have storage arguments as inputs.
We model an initializing expression as having a "slot" where
initialization writes the location that should be initialized by that
initializing expression, and that needs to be an output of the
initialization action.
* Initialization from a tuple or struct literal needs to recurse into
that literal, and the literal will have been spelled in the generic,
meaning we don't have an `InstId` that can be used to name the specific
version of the initializer as input for nested conversions.

These issues are addressed by introducing two new features to the action
machinery:

In addition to `InstAction`, we now have `MultiInstAction`, which is an
action that produces a tuple of instruction values instead of a single
instruction value. Initialization actions produce one instruction for
the final result, which is spliced at the point of initialization, plus
one instruction for each storage argument, which are spliced into the
storage argument slots in the original generic. During initialization,
if we find one of those splices in the storage argument of an
initializing expression, we return the new storage argument back to the
initialization action to be included in the specific, instead of
overwriting the storage argument in the generic.

Actions whose `PerforrmAction` takes a `SpecificId` as input no longer
perform automatic refinement of their operands to specific instructions.
Instead, the action is given control over when and where it performs
that refinement. In `InitializeAction`, we use this freedom to form a
`SpecificInst` for the initializer in the primary output block, and form
a `SpecificInst` for the target in the target block. When detecting
whether we are initializing from a tuple or struct literal, we step over
the `SpecificInst` and track its `SpecificId`, and if necessary create a
new `SpecificInst` wrapping the sub-initializer when we recurse into the
nested element conversion.

Assisted-by: Claude and Gemini via Antigravity
2026-09-24 23:10:18 +00:00
Christopher Di Bella f7cd39428e Add Destroy.SubobjectDestroy as a temporary replacement for Destroy.Op (#7773)
This change partially implements [PR #7362], which revises how objects
are destroyed. It is a partial implementation for two reasons:

1. This change moves `Destroy.Op`'s current behaviour into
`Destroy.SubobjectDestroy`, but it doesn't add support for objects with
non-trivial destruction.
2. `Destroy.SubobjectDestroy` is a workaround for `require impls
SubobjectDestroy`. We aren't able to use the latter until the dependents
add their requirements' implementations to their own witness tables.

[PR #7362]: https://github.com/carbon-language/carbon-lang/pulls/7362
2026-09-24 00:06:28 +00:00
Richard Smith efbe1d2489 Add default fns and final fns to the eval block for a generic impl (#7817)
When a generic impl uses a default or final fn, it picks the specific
function value out of the interface to put in the witness table.
However, because this is done by modifying an existing instruction
block, the generics machinery has no hook to convert the function
constant into an attached constant, and because it was found in a
specific for a different generic, the constant inst will be unattached.
Fix this by manually mapping to an attached constant inst in the current
generic when building the witness table.
2026-09-23 01:19:28 +00:00
Dana Jansens fcae9610bd Make SemIR::TypeType be an empty FacetType instruction (#7813)
The type `type` is now a `FacetType` inst with no constraints. This
brings the model implemented in the toolchain into better alignment with
the language design. The `SemIR::TypeType` struct remains as a scope for
holding the `TypeInstId`, `ConstantId`, and `TypeId` constants, but is
not an `InstKind` anymore.

The `TypeType` inst looks a lot like singletons, but there are many
`FacetType` insts so it doesn't quite fit that model. So we put it
alongside singletons with a fixed inst id but refer to it as a more
general "builtin" inst that is not a singleton.
`Namespace::PackageInstId` is similar, and we group it with `TypeType`
conceptually as another builtin instruction with a fixed id.

No conversion is needed anymore to use a `type` as a facet, since types
also have a `FacetType` type. This simplifies and removes a number of
helpers and branches throughout the code.

The `TypeType` inst is now part of the constant store, so we end up
printing it in the constants block in every test. But it's also named
`type` rather than `%type` to preserve the majority of existing
formatting behaviour, though this does look different from other
constants.

Assisted-by: Opus 5 was used to generate a first draft and validate the
refactoring. Though nearly everything non-trivial the tool wrote has
been modified or rewritten.
2026-09-22 15:04:40 +00:00
ATHARVAandDana Jansens 804359dce0 Fix crash when lowering Carbon derived class with C++ virtual base class (#7745)
If a Carbon class overrides virtual functions from a C++ base class but
is never referenced from C++, it is never exported to Clang. During
lowering, `BuildVtable` then fails to find a `CXXRecordDecl` and crashes
when attempting to get the vtable from Clang's code generator.

Ensure dynamic classes with foreign vtables are exported to Clang when
completing the class definition in `CheckCompleteClassType`, and look up
`first_decl_id()` in `BuildVtable`.

Fixes #7721

---------

Co-authored-by: Dana Jansens <danakj@orodu.net>
2026-09-18 18:08:53 +00:00
Richard Smith d8c4fc51cd Fix SemIR for derived-to-base conversion and lowering crash. (#7783)
We use the same conversion codepath to handle both qualification
conversions and derived-to-base conversions, because we allow both to be
performed at once. However, we were previously modeling the
qualification conversion as happening *first*, and producing a result
whose type is the target type of the overall conversion (that is, the
base class type). That led to bogus SemIR, where a `Derived` -> `const
Base` conversion would first have a "compatible" conversion from
`Derived` to `const Base`, *then* an access of the base subobject (of
type `const Base`, within an object of type `const Base`).

We now reverse the order: first we do a derived-to-base conversion,
which already has logic to preserve qualifiers, and then we do any
necessary qualification conversions on the result to reach the overall
target type.

In passing, we now skip forming the `as_compatible` instruction at all
for a pure derived-to-base conversion that has no qualification
conversion, simplifying the SemIR by one instruction in the common case.
2026-09-15 23:11:51 +00:00
David Blaikie 9e68ee0806 Support indirect C++ dependency by sharing domains more broadly (#7763)
Fixes #7731, at least under `--share-cpp-ast` which is expected to be
the future direction.

When --share-cpp-ast is enabled and any compilation unit has C++
imports, include all compilation units in the shared CppDomain inputs
and assign the domain to every unit. In ImportCpp, when a unit has no
direct C++ imports but is covered by a shared CppDomain, initialize
its C++ AST context and import namespace. This ensures units without
direct C++ imports have access to the C++ AST and code generator when
instantiating generics or referencing declarations from units that do.

Assisted-by: Antigravity with Gemini
2026-09-15 20:45:18 +00:00