diff --git a/toolchain/base/BUILD b/toolchain/base/BUILD
index aed3bda08bb3..72b47aff85be 100644
--- a/toolchain/base/BUILD
+++ b/toolchain/base/BUILD
@@ -14,7 +14,10 @@ exports_files([
 
 cc_library(
     name = "block_value_store",
-    hdrs = ["block_value_store.h"],
+    hdrs = [
+        "block_value_store.h",
+        "block_value_store_impl.h",
+    ],
     deps = [
         ":id_tag",
         ":mem_usage",
@@ -29,7 +32,10 @@ cc_library(
 
 cc_library(
     name = "canonical_value_store",
-    hdrs = ["canonical_value_store.h"],
+    hdrs = [
+        "canonical_value_store.h",
+        "canonical_value_store_impl.h",
+    ],
     deps = [
         ":mem_usage",
         ":value_store",
@@ -46,7 +52,9 @@ cc_test(
     srcs = ["canonical_value_store_test.cpp"],
     deps = [
         ":canonical_value_store",
+        ":shared_value_stores",
         ":value_ids",
+        ":value_store",
         "//testing/base:gtest_main",
         "@googletest//:gtest",
         "@llvm-project//llvm:Support",
@@ -233,7 +241,10 @@ cc_library(
 
 cc_library(
     name = "value_store",
-    hdrs = ["value_store.h"],
+    hdrs = [
+        "value_store.h",
+        "value_store_impl.h",
+    ],
     deps = [
         ":id_tag",
         ":mem_usage",
@@ -252,6 +263,7 @@ cc_test(
     size = "small",
     srcs = ["value_store_test.cpp"],
     deps = [
+        ":shared_value_stores",
         ":value_ids",
         ":value_store",
         "//common:raw_string_ostream",
@@ -334,6 +346,7 @@ generate_runtimes_build_info_cc_library(name = "runtimes_build_info")
 
 cc_library(
     name = "shared_value_stores",
+    srcs = ["shared_value_stores.cpp"],
     hdrs = ["shared_value_stores.h"],
     deps = [
         ":canonical_value_store",
diff --git a/toolchain/base/block_value_store.h b/toolchain/base/block_value_store.h
index 1c3da4d8abd4..3de482c49638 100644
--- a/toolchain/base/block_value_store.h
+++ b/toolchain/base/block_value_store.h
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@
 #include "toolchain/base/value_store.h"
 #include "toolchain/base/yaml.h"
 
-namespace Carbon::SemIR {
+namespace Carbon {
 
 // Provides a block-based ValueStore, which uses slab allocation of added
 // blocks. This allows references to values to outlast vector resizes that might
@@ -23,6 +23,16 @@ namespace Carbon::SemIR {
 //
 // BlockValueStore is used as-is, but there are also children that expose the
 // protected members for type-specific functionality.
+//
+// This template class is designed to be explicitly instantiated to improve
+// compile times. Heavy method definitions are in `block_value_store_impl.h`.
+//
+// To use a new instantiation:
+// 1. Add an `extern template class BlockValueStore<...>;` declaration in the
+//    header where the instantiation is anchored.
+// 2. Add `template class BlockValueStore<...>;` definition in the associated
+//    `.cpp` file.
+// 3. Include `toolchain/base/block_value_store_impl.h` in that `.cpp` file.
 template <typename IdT, typename ElementT, typename TagIdT = Untagged>
 class BlockValueStore
     : public Yaml::Printable<BlockValueStore<IdT, ElementT, TagIdT>> {
@@ -36,15 +46,11 @@ class BlockValueStore
   explicit BlockValueStore(llvm::BumpPtrAllocator& allocator,
                            IdTagType::TagIdType tag_id,
                            int32_t initial_reserved_ids = 0)
-    requires(!IdTagIsUntagged<IdTagType>)
-      : allocator_(&allocator), values_(tag_id, initial_reserved_ids) {
-    if constexpr (requires { IdT::Empty; }) {
-      auto empty = RefType();
-      auto empty_val = canonical_blocks_.Insert(
-          empty, [&] { return values_.Add(empty); }, KeyContext(this));
-      CARBON_CHECK(empty_val.key() == IdT::Empty);
-    }
-  }
+    requires(!IdTagIsUntagged<IdTagType>);
+
+  ~BlockValueStore();
+  BlockValueStore(BlockValueStore&&) noexcept;
+  auto operator=(BlockValueStore&&) noexcept -> BlockValueStore&;
 
   // Adds a block with the given content, returning an ID to reference it.
   auto Add(ConstRefType content) -> IdT {
@@ -96,26 +102,11 @@ class BlockValueStore
     return result.key();
   }
 
-  auto OutputYaml() const -> Yaml::OutputMapping {
-    return Yaml::OutputMapping([&](Yaml::OutputMapping::Map map) {
-      for (auto [block_id, block] : values_.enumerate()) {
-        map.Add(PrintToString(block_id),
-                Yaml::OutputMapping([&](Yaml::OutputMapping::Map map) {
-                  for (auto [i, elem_id] : llvm::enumerate(block)) {
-                    map.Add(llvm::itostr(i), Yaml::OutputScalar(elem_id));
-                  }
-                }));
-      }
-    });
-  }
+  auto OutputYaml() const -> Yaml::OutputMapping;
 
   // Collects memory usage of members.
   auto CollectMemUsage(MemUsage& mem_usage, llvm::StringRef label) const
-      -> void {
-    mem_usage.Collect(MemUsage::ConcatLabel(label, "values_"), values_);
-    mem_usage.Collect(MemUsage::ConcatLabel(label, "canonical_blocks_"),
-                      canonical_blocks_, KeyContext(this));
-  }
+      -> void;
 
   auto size() const -> size_t { return values_.size(); }
 
@@ -127,21 +118,10 @@ class BlockValueStore
 
  protected:
   // Allocates a copy of the given data using our slab allocator.
-  auto AllocateCopy(ConstRefType data) -> RefType {
-    auto result = AllocateUninitialized(data.size());
-    std::uninitialized_copy(data.begin(), data.end(), result.begin());
-    return result;
-  }
+  auto AllocateCopy(ConstRefType data) -> RefType;
 
   // Allocates an uninitialized array using our slab allocator.
-  auto AllocateUninitialized(size_t size) -> RefType {
-    // We're not going to run a destructor, so ensure that's OK.
-    static_assert(std::is_trivially_destructible_v<ElementType>);
-
-    auto storage = static_cast<ElementType*>(
-        allocator_->Allocate(size * sizeof(ElementType), alignof(ElementType)));
-    return RefType(storage, size);
-  }
+  auto AllocateUninitialized(size_t size) -> RefType;
 
   // Allow children to have more complex value handling.
   auto values() -> ValueStore<IdT, RefType, TagIdT>& { return values_; }
@@ -166,6 +146,6 @@ class BlockValueStore<IdT, ElementT, TagIdT>::KeyContext
   const BlockValueStore* store_;
 };
 
-}  // namespace Carbon::SemIR
+}  // namespace Carbon
 
 #endif  // CARBON_TOOLCHAIN_BASE_BLOCK_VALUE_STORE_H_
diff --git a/toolchain/base/block_value_store_impl.h b/toolchain/base/block_value_store_impl.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..2f04fd03b763
--- /dev/null
+++ b/toolchain/base/block_value_store_impl.h
@@ -0,0 +1,88 @@
+// Part of the Carbon Language project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM
+// Exceptions. See /LICENSE for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+
+#ifndef CARBON_TOOLCHAIN_BASE_BLOCK_VALUE_STORE_IMPL_H_
+#define CARBON_TOOLCHAIN_BASE_BLOCK_VALUE_STORE_IMPL_H_
+
+#include "toolchain/base/block_value_store.h"
+
+namespace Carbon {
+
+template <typename IdT, typename ElementT, typename TagIdT>
+BlockValueStore<IdT, ElementT, TagIdT>::BlockValueStore(
+    llvm::BumpPtrAllocator& allocator, IdTagType::TagIdType tag_id,
+    int32_t initial_reserved_ids)
+  requires(!IdTagIsUntagged<IdTagType>)
+    : allocator_(&allocator), values_(tag_id, initial_reserved_ids) {
+  if constexpr (requires { IdT::Empty; }) {
+    auto empty = RefType();
+    auto empty_val = canonical_blocks_.Insert(
+        empty, [&] { return values_.Add(empty); }, KeyContext(this));
+    CARBON_CHECK(empty_val.key() == IdT::Empty);
+  }
+}
+
+template <typename IdT, typename ElementT, typename TagIdT>
+BlockValueStore<IdT, ElementT, TagIdT>::~BlockValueStore() = default;
+
+template <typename IdT, typename ElementT, typename TagIdT>
+BlockValueStore<IdT, ElementT, TagIdT>::BlockValueStore(
+    BlockValueStore&&) noexcept = default;
+
+template <typename IdT, typename ElementT, typename TagIdT>
+auto BlockValueStore<IdT, ElementT, TagIdT>::operator=(
+    BlockValueStore&&) noexcept -> BlockValueStore& = default;
+
+template <typename IdT, typename ElementT, typename TagIdT>
+auto BlockValueStore<IdT, ElementT, TagIdT>::OutputYaml() const
+    -> Yaml::OutputMapping {
+  return Yaml::OutputMapping([&](Yaml::OutputMapping::Map map) {
+    for (auto [block_id, block] : values_.enumerate()) {
+      map.Add(PrintToString(block_id),
+              Yaml::OutputMapping([&](Yaml::OutputMapping::Map map) {
+                for (auto [i, elem_id] : llvm::enumerate(block)) {
+                  if constexpr (requires(llvm::raw_ostream& out) {
+                                  out << elem_id;
+                                }) {
+                    map.Add(llvm::itostr(i), Yaml::OutputScalar(elem_id));
+                  } else {
+                    map.Add(llvm::itostr(i),
+                            Yaml::OutputScalar("<unprintable>"));
+                  }
+                }
+              }));
+    }
+  });
+}
+
+template <typename IdT, typename ElementT, typename TagIdT>
+auto BlockValueStore<IdT, ElementT, TagIdT>::CollectMemUsage(
+    MemUsage& mem_usage, llvm::StringRef label) const -> void {
+  mem_usage.Collect(MemUsage::ConcatLabel(label, "values_"), values_);
+  mem_usage.Collect(MemUsage::ConcatLabel(label, "canonical_blocks_"),
+                    canonical_blocks_, KeyContext(this));
+}
+
+template <typename IdT, typename ElementT, typename TagIdT>
+auto BlockValueStore<IdT, ElementT, TagIdT>::AllocateCopy(ConstRefType data)
+    -> RefType {
+  auto result = AllocateUninitialized(data.size());
+  std::uninitialized_copy(data.begin(), data.end(), result.begin());
+  return result;
+}
+
+template <typename IdT, typename ElementT, typename TagIdT>
+auto BlockValueStore<IdT, ElementT, TagIdT>::AllocateUninitialized(size_t size)
+    -> RefType {
+  // We're not going to run a destructor, so ensure that's OK.
+  static_assert(std::is_trivially_destructible_v<ElementType>);
+
+  auto storage = static_cast<ElementType*>(
+      allocator_->Allocate(size * sizeof(ElementType), alignof(ElementType)));
+  return RefType(storage, size);
+}
+
+}  // namespace Carbon
+
+#endif  // CARBON_TOOLCHAIN_BASE_BLOCK_VALUE_STORE_IMPL_H_
diff --git a/toolchain/base/canonical_value_store.h b/toolchain/base/canonical_value_store.h
index 27c74f7656cd..700a4f46f0fc 100644
--- a/toolchain/base/canonical_value_store.h
+++ b/toolchain/base/canonical_value_store.h
@@ -22,6 +22,17 @@ namespace Carbon {
 // `KeyT` can optionally be different from `ValueT`, and if so is used for the
 // argument to `Lookup`. In this case, `ValueT` must provide a `GetAsKey` member
 // function that returns the corresponding key.
+//
+// This template class is designed to be explicitly instantiated to improve
+// compile times. Heavy method definitions are in
+// `canonical_value_store_impl.h`.
+//
+// To use a new instantiation:
+// 1. Add an `extern template class CanonicalValueStore<...>;` declaration in
+//    the header where the instantiation is anchored.
+// 2. Add `template class CanonicalValueStore<...>;` definition in the
+//    associated `.cpp` file.
+// 3. Include `toolchain/base/canonical_value_store_impl.h` in that `.cpp` file.
 template <typename IdT, typename KeyT, typename TagIdT = Untagged,
           typename ValueT = KeyT>
 class CanonicalValueStore {
@@ -33,10 +44,15 @@ class CanonicalValueStore {
   using RefType = ValueStoreTypes<ValueT>::RefType;
   using ConstRefType = ValueStoreTypes<ValueT>::ConstRefType;
 
-  CanonicalValueStore() = default;
-  template <typename Id>
-  explicit CanonicalValueStore(Id id, int32_t initial_reserved_ids = 0)
-      : values_(id, initial_reserved_ids) {}
+  CanonicalValueStore()
+    requires(IdTagIsUntagged<IdTag<IdT, TagIdT>>);
+  explicit CanonicalValueStore(IdTagType::TagIdType id,
+                               int32_t initial_reserved_ids = 0)
+    requires(!IdTagIsUntagged<IdTag<IdT, TagIdT>>);
+
+  ~CanonicalValueStore();
+  CanonicalValueStore(CanonicalValueStore&&) noexcept;
+  auto operator=(CanonicalValueStore&&) noexcept -> CanonicalValueStore&;
 
   // Stores a canonical copy of the value and returns an ID to reference it. If
   // the value is already in the store, returns the ID of the existing value.
@@ -53,9 +69,7 @@ class CanonicalValueStore {
   auto Reserve(size_t size) -> void;
 
   // These are to support printable structures, and are not guaranteed.
-  auto OutputYaml() const -> Yaml::OutputMapping {
-    return values_.OutputYaml();
-  }
+  auto OutputYaml() const -> Yaml::OutputMapping;
 
   auto values() const [[clang::lifetimebound]]
   -> ValueStore<IdT, ValueType, TagIdT>::Range {
@@ -66,11 +80,7 @@ class CanonicalValueStore {
 
   // Collects memory usage of the values and deduplication set.
   auto CollectMemUsage(MemUsage& mem_usage, llvm::StringRef label) const
-      -> void {
-    mem_usage.Collect(MemUsage::ConcatLabel(label, "values_"), values_);
-    auto bytes = set_.ComputeMetrics(KeyContext(&values_)).storage_bytes;
-    mem_usage.Add(MemUsage::ConcatLabel(label, "set_"), bytes, bytes);
-  }
+      -> void;
 
   auto GetRawIndex(IdT id) const -> int32_t { return values_.GetRawIndex(id); }
 
@@ -112,24 +122,42 @@ class CanonicalValueStore<IdT, KeyT, TagIdT, ValueT>::KeyContext
   const ValueStore<IdT, ValueType, TagIdT>* values_;
 };
 
+// The definition of `Add` needs to be outside the class body as it relies on
+// the definition of `KeyContext` being complete.
+//
+// Note that the `inline` keyword is necessary here even though this is a
+// template because we do explicit instantiations of this template which will
+// make inlining this routine impossible despite it being performance sensitive.
 template <typename IdT, typename KeyT, typename TagIdT, typename ValueT>
-auto CanonicalValueStore<IdT, KeyT, TagIdT, ValueT>::Add(ValueType value)
+inline auto CanonicalValueStore<IdT, KeyT, TagIdT, ValueT>::Add(ValueType value)
     -> IdT {
   auto make_key = [&] { return IdT(values_.Add(std::move(value))); };
   return set_.Insert(GetAsKey(value), make_key, KeyContext(&values_)).key();
 }
 
+// The definition of `Lookup` needs to be outside the class body as it relies on
+// the definition of `KeyContext` being complete.
+//
+// Note that the `inline` keyword is necessary here even though this is a
+// template because we do explicit instantiations of this template which will
+// make inlining this routine impossible despite it being performance sensitive.
 template <typename IdT, typename KeyT, typename TagIdT, typename ValueT>
-auto CanonicalValueStore<IdT, KeyT, TagIdT, ValueT>::Lookup(KeyType key) const
-    -> IdT {
+inline auto CanonicalValueStore<IdT, KeyT, TagIdT, ValueT>::Lookup(
+    KeyType key) const -> IdT {
   if (auto result = set_.Lookup(key, KeyContext(&values_))) {
     return result.key();
   }
   return IdT::None;
 }
 
+// The definition of `Reserve` needs to be outside the class body as it relies
+// on the definition of `KeyContext` being complete.
+//
+// Note that the `inline` keyword is necessary here even though this is a
+// template because we do explicit instantiations of this template which will
+// make inlining this routine impossible despite it being performance sensitive.
 template <typename IdT, typename KeyT, typename TagIdT, typename ValueT>
-auto CanonicalValueStore<IdT, KeyT, TagIdT, ValueT>::Reserve(size_t size)
+inline auto CanonicalValueStore<IdT, KeyT, TagIdT, ValueT>::Reserve(size_t size)
     -> void {
   // Compute the resulting new insert count using the size of values -- the
   // set doesn't have a fast to compute current size.
diff --git a/toolchain/base/canonical_value_store_impl.h b/toolchain/base/canonical_value_store_impl.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..a5f42c102d3c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/toolchain/base/canonical_value_store_impl.h
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+// Part of the Carbon Language project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM
+// Exceptions. See /LICENSE for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+
+#ifndef CARBON_TOOLCHAIN_BASE_CANONICAL_VALUE_STORE_IMPL_H_
+#define CARBON_TOOLCHAIN_BASE_CANONICAL_VALUE_STORE_IMPL_H_
+
+#include "toolchain/base/canonical_value_store.h"
+
+namespace Carbon {
+
+template <typename IdT, typename KeyT, typename TagIdT, typename ValueT>
+CanonicalValueStore<IdT, KeyT, TagIdT, ValueT>::CanonicalValueStore()
+  requires(IdTagIsUntagged<IdTag<IdT, TagIdT>>)
+= default;
+
+template <typename IdT, typename KeyT, typename TagIdT, typename ValueT>
+CanonicalValueStore<IdT, KeyT, TagIdT, ValueT>::CanonicalValueStore(
+    typename IdTagType::TagIdType id, int32_t initial_reserved_ids)
+  requires(!IdTagIsUntagged<IdTag<IdT, TagIdT>>)
+    : values_(id, initial_reserved_ids) {}
+
+template <typename IdT, typename KeyT, typename TagIdT, typename ValueT>
+CanonicalValueStore<IdT, KeyT, TagIdT, ValueT>::~CanonicalValueStore() =
+    default;
+
+template <typename IdT, typename KeyT, typename TagIdT, typename ValueT>
+CanonicalValueStore<IdT, KeyT, TagIdT, ValueT>::CanonicalValueStore(
+    CanonicalValueStore&&) noexcept = default;
+
+template <typename IdT, typename KeyT, typename TagIdT, typename ValueT>
+auto CanonicalValueStore<IdT, KeyT, TagIdT, ValueT>::operator=(
+    CanonicalValueStore&&) noexcept -> CanonicalValueStore& = default;
+
+template <typename IdT, typename KeyT, typename TagIdT, typename ValueT>
+auto CanonicalValueStore<IdT, KeyT, TagIdT, ValueT>::OutputYaml() const
+    -> Yaml::OutputMapping {
+  return values_.OutputYaml();
+}
+
+template <typename IdT, typename KeyT, typename TagIdT, typename ValueT>
+auto CanonicalValueStore<IdT, KeyT, TagIdT, ValueT>::CollectMemUsage(
+    MemUsage& mem_usage, llvm::StringRef label) const -> void {
+  mem_usage.Collect(MemUsage::ConcatLabel(label, "values_"), values_);
+  auto bytes = set_.ComputeMetrics(KeyContext(&values_)).storage_bytes;
+  mem_usage.Add(MemUsage::ConcatLabel(label, "set_"), bytes, bytes);
+}
+
+}  // namespace Carbon
+
+#endif  // CARBON_TOOLCHAIN_BASE_CANONICAL_VALUE_STORE_IMPL_H_
diff --git a/toolchain/base/canonical_value_store_test.cpp b/toolchain/base/canonical_value_store_test.cpp
index 441c88f0b94f..642a9538fab4 100644
--- a/toolchain/base/canonical_value_store_test.cpp
+++ b/toolchain/base/canonical_value_store_test.cpp
@@ -11,7 +11,9 @@
 
 #include "llvm/ADT/APFloat.h"
 #include "llvm/ADT/StringRef.h"
+#include "toolchain/base/canonical_value_store_impl.h"
 #include "toolchain/base/value_ids.h"
+#include "toolchain/base/value_store_impl.h"
 
 namespace Carbon::Testing {
 namespace {
diff --git a/toolchain/base/int.cpp b/toolchain/base/int.cpp
index 6d292b7444be..9ecb519c1b81 100644
--- a/toolchain/base/int.cpp
+++ b/toolchain/base/int.cpp
@@ -7,6 +7,9 @@
 #include <algorithm>
 #include <string>
 
+#include "toolchain/base/canonical_value_store_impl.h"
+#include "toolchain/base/value_store_impl.h"
+
 namespace Carbon {
 
 auto IntStore::CanonicalBitWidth(int significant_bits) -> int {
@@ -66,4 +69,7 @@ auto IntStore::CollectMemUsage(MemUsage& mem_usage, llvm::StringRef label) const
   mem_usage.Collect(std::string(label), values_);
 }
 
+template class CanonicalValueStore<IntStore::APIntId, llvm::APInt>;
+template class ValueStore<IntStore::APIntId, llvm::APInt>;
+
 }  // namespace Carbon
diff --git a/toolchain/base/int.h b/toolchain/base/int.h
index 52e3ae264496..f450bb67a133 100644
--- a/toolchain/base/int.h
+++ b/toolchain/base/int.h
@@ -432,6 +432,9 @@ class IntStore {
 inline constexpr IntStore::APIntId IntStore::APIntId::None(
     IntId::None.AsIndex());
 
+extern template class CanonicalValueStore<IntStore::APIntId, llvm::APInt>;
+extern template class ValueStore<IntStore::APIntId, llvm::APInt>;
+
 }  // namespace Carbon
 
 #endif  // CARBON_TOOLCHAIN_BASE_INT_H_
diff --git a/toolchain/base/shared_value_stores.cpp b/toolchain/base/shared_value_stores.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..d292b2723efe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/toolchain/base/shared_value_stores.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+// Part of the Carbon Language project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM
+// Exceptions. See /LICENSE for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+
+#include "toolchain/base/shared_value_stores.h"
+
+#include "toolchain/base/canonical_value_store_impl.h"
+#include "toolchain/base/value_store_impl.h"
+
+namespace Carbon {
+
+template class CanonicalValueStore<FloatId, llvm::APFloat>;
+template class CanonicalValueStore<IdentifierId, llvm::StringRef>;
+template class CanonicalValueStore<StringLiteralValueId, llvm::StringRef>;
+template class ValueStore<FloatId, llvm::APFloat>;
+template class ValueStore<IdentifierId, llvm::StringRef>;
+template class ValueStore<RealId, Real>;
+template class ValueStore<StringLiteralValueId, llvm::StringRef>;
+
+}  // namespace Carbon
diff --git a/toolchain/base/shared_value_stores.h b/toolchain/base/shared_value_stores.h
index dd5501f1d486..f4dd30752810 100644
--- a/toolchain/base/shared_value_stores.h
+++ b/toolchain/base/shared_value_stores.h
@@ -87,6 +87,15 @@ class SharedValueStores : public Yaml::Printable<SharedValueStores> {
   StringLiteralStore string_literals_;
 };
 
+extern template class CanonicalValueStore<FloatId, llvm::APFloat>;
+extern template class CanonicalValueStore<IdentifierId, llvm::StringRef>;
+extern template class CanonicalValueStore<StringLiteralValueId,
+                                          llvm::StringRef>;
+extern template class ValueStore<FloatId, llvm::APFloat>;
+extern template class ValueStore<IdentifierId, llvm::StringRef>;
+extern template class ValueStore<RealId, Real>;
+extern template class ValueStore<StringLiteralValueId, llvm::StringRef>;
+
 }  // namespace Carbon
 
 #endif  // CARBON_TOOLCHAIN_BASE_SHARED_VALUE_STORES_H_
diff --git a/toolchain/base/value_store.h b/toolchain/base/value_store.h
index 9f3b059e41a8..16e0e8d639e2 100644
--- a/toolchain/base/value_store.h
+++ b/toolchain/base/value_store.h
@@ -35,6 +35,16 @@ class ValueStoreNotPrintable {};
 
 // A simple wrapper for accumulating values, providing IDs to later retrieve the
 // value. This does not do deduplication.
+//
+// This template class is designed to be explicitly instantiated to improve
+// compile times. Heavy method definitions are in `value_store_impl.h`.
+//
+// To use a new instantiation:
+// 1. Add an `extern template class ValueStore<...>;` declaration in the header
+//    where the instantiation is anchored.
+// 2. Add `template class ValueStore<...>;` definition in the associated `.cpp`
+//    file.
+// 3. Include `toolchain/base/value_store_impl.h` in that `.cpp` file.
 template <typename IdT, typename ValueT, typename TagIdT = Untagged>
 class ValueStore
     : public std::conditional<std::is_base_of_v<Printable<ValueT>, ValueT>,
@@ -76,21 +86,18 @@ class ValueStore
     FlattenedRangeType flattened_range_;
   };
 
-  // Default constructor, only valid when the IdTag's tag type is Untagged.
   ValueStore()
-    requires(IdTagIsUntagged<IdTagType>)
-  = default;
+    requires(IdTagIsUntagged<IdTagType>);
 
-  // Construct a ValueStore sharing the IdTag from another ValueStore. Useful
-  // for when two ValueStores are sharing the same ID types.
   explicit ValueStore(IdTagType tag)
-    requires(!IdTagIsUntagged<IdTagType>)
-      : tag_(tag) {}
+    requires(!IdTagIsUntagged<IdTagType>);
 
-  // Construct a ValueStore with a given tag and set of untagged (reserved) ids.
   explicit ValueStore(IdTagType::TagIdType id, int32_t initial_reserved_ids = 0)
-    requires(!IdTagIsUntagged<IdTagType>)
-      : tag_(id, initial_reserved_ids) {}
+    requires(!IdTagIsUntagged<IdTagType>);
+
+  ~ValueStore();
+  ValueStore(ValueStore&&) noexcept;
+  auto operator=(ValueStore&&) noexcept -> ValueStore&;
 
   // Stores the value and returns an ID to reference it.
   auto Add(ValueType value) -> IdType {
@@ -142,7 +149,8 @@ class ValueStore
     return chunks_[chunk_index].Get(pos);
   }
 
-  // Reserves space.
+  // Reserves space. Note that this method has surprising performance impact on
+  // the lexer unless available for inlining.
   auto Reserve(int32_t size) -> void {
     if (size <= size_) {
       return;
@@ -152,51 +160,15 @@ class ValueStore
   }
 
   // Grows the ValueStore to `size`. Fills entries with `default_value`.
-  auto Resize(int32_t size, ConstRefType default_value) -> void {
-    if (size <= size_) {
-      return;
-    }
-
-    auto [begin_chunk_index, begin_pos] = RawIndexToChunkIndices(size_);
-    // Use an inclusive range so that if `size` would be the next chunk, we
-    // don't try doing something with it.
-    auto [end_chunk_index, end_pos] = RawIndexToChunkIndices(size - 1);
-    chunks_.resize(end_chunk_index + 1);
-
-    // If the begin and end chunks are the same, we only fill from begin to end.
-    if (begin_chunk_index == end_chunk_index) {
-      chunks_[begin_chunk_index].UninitializedFill(end_pos - begin_pos + 1,
-                                                   default_value);
-    } else {
-      // Otherwise, we do partial fills on the begin and end chunk, and full
-      // fills on intermediate chunks.
-      chunks_[begin_chunk_index].UninitializedFill(
-          Chunk::Capacity() - begin_pos, default_value);
-      for (auto i = begin_chunk_index + 1; i < end_chunk_index; ++i) {
-        chunks_[i].UninitializedFill(Chunk::Capacity(), default_value);
-      }
-      chunks_[end_chunk_index].UninitializedFill(end_pos + 1, default_value);
-    }
-
-    // Update size.
-    size_ = size;
-  }
+  auto Resize(int32_t size, ConstRefType default_value) -> void
+    requires(std::is_copy_constructible_v<ValueT>);
 
   // These are to support printable structures, and are not guaranteed.
-  auto OutputYaml() const -> Yaml::OutputMapping {
-    return Yaml::OutputMapping([&](Yaml::OutputMapping::Map map) {
-      for (auto [id, value] : enumerate()) {
-        map.Add(PrintToString(id), Yaml::OutputScalar(value));
-      }
-    });
-  }
+  auto OutputYaml() const -> Yaml::OutputMapping;
 
   // Collects memory usage of the values.
   auto CollectMemUsage(MemUsage& mem_usage, llvm::StringRef label) const
-      -> void {
-    mem_usage.Add(label.str(), size_ * sizeof(ValueType),
-                  Chunk::CapacityBytes * chunks_.size());
-  }
+      -> void;
 
   auto size() const -> size_t { return size_; }
 
@@ -358,11 +330,8 @@ class ValueStore
     // Fills `fill_count` entries with `default_value`, increasing the size
     // respectively.
     auto UninitializedFill(int32_t fill_count, ConstRefType default_value)
-        -> void {
-      CARBON_DCHECK(num_ + fill_count <= Capacity());
-      std::uninitialized_fill_n(buf_ + num_, fill_count, default_value);
-      num_ += fill_count;
-    }
+        -> void
+      requires(std::is_copy_constructible_v<ValueT>);
 
     auto size() const -> int32_t { return num_; }
 
diff --git a/toolchain/base/value_store_impl.h b/toolchain/base/value_store_impl.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..a3018699e76d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/toolchain/base/value_store_impl.h
@@ -0,0 +1,108 @@
+// Part of the Carbon Language project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM
+// Exceptions. See /LICENSE for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+
+#ifndef CARBON_TOOLCHAIN_BASE_VALUE_STORE_IMPL_H_
+#define CARBON_TOOLCHAIN_BASE_VALUE_STORE_IMPL_H_
+
+#include "toolchain/base/value_store.h"
+
+namespace Carbon {
+
+template <typename IdT, typename ValueT, typename TagIdT>
+ValueStore<IdT, ValueT, TagIdT>::ValueStore()
+  requires(IdTagIsUntagged<IdTagType>)
+= default;
+
+template <typename IdT, typename ValueT, typename TagIdT>
+ValueStore<IdT, ValueT, TagIdT>::ValueStore(IdTagType tag)
+  requires(!IdTagIsUntagged<IdTagType>)
+    : tag_(tag) {}
+
+template <typename IdT, typename ValueT, typename TagIdT>
+ValueStore<IdT, ValueT, TagIdT>::ValueStore(
+    typename ValueStore<IdT, ValueT, TagIdT>::IdTagType::TagIdType id,
+    int32_t initial_reserved_ids)
+  requires(!IdTagIsUntagged<IdTagType>)
+    : tag_(id, initial_reserved_ids) {}
+
+template <typename IdT, typename ValueT, typename TagIdT>
+ValueStore<IdT, ValueT, TagIdT>::~ValueStore() = default;
+
+template <typename IdT, typename ValueT, typename TagIdT>
+ValueStore<IdT, ValueT, TagIdT>::ValueStore(ValueStore&&) noexcept = default;
+
+template <typename IdT, typename ValueT, typename TagIdT>
+auto ValueStore<IdT, ValueT, TagIdT>::operator=(ValueStore&&) noexcept
+    -> ValueStore& = default;
+
+template <typename IdT, typename ValueT, typename TagIdT>
+auto ValueStore<IdT, ValueT, TagIdT>::Resize(int32_t size,
+                                             ConstRefType default_value) -> void
+  requires(std::is_copy_constructible_v<ValueT>)
+{
+  if (size <= size_) {
+    return;
+  }
+
+  auto [begin_chunk_index, begin_pos] = RawIndexToChunkIndices(size_);
+  // Use an inclusive range so that if `size` would be the next chunk, we
+  // don't try doing something with it.
+  auto [end_chunk_index, end_pos] = RawIndexToChunkIndices(size - 1);
+  chunks_.resize(end_chunk_index + 1);
+
+  // If the begin and end chunks are the same, we only fill from begin to end.
+  if (begin_chunk_index == end_chunk_index) {
+    chunks_[begin_chunk_index].UninitializedFill(end_pos - begin_pos + 1,
+                                                 default_value);
+  } else {
+    // Otherwise, we do partial fills on the begin and end chunk, and full
+    // fills on intermediate chunks.
+    chunks_[begin_chunk_index].UninitializedFill(Chunk::Capacity() - begin_pos,
+                                                 default_value);
+    for (auto i = begin_chunk_index + 1; i < end_chunk_index; ++i) {
+      chunks_[i].UninitializedFill(Chunk::Capacity(), default_value);
+    }
+    chunks_[end_chunk_index].UninitializedFill(end_pos + 1, default_value);
+  }
+
+  // Update size.
+  size_ = size;
+}
+
+template <typename IdT, typename ValueT, typename TagIdT>
+auto ValueStore<IdT, ValueT, TagIdT>::Chunk::UninitializedFill(
+    int32_t fill_count,
+    typename ValueStore<IdT, ValueT, TagIdT>::ConstRefType default_value)
+    -> void
+  requires(std::is_copy_constructible_v<ValueT>)
+{
+  CARBON_DCHECK(num_ + fill_count <= Capacity());
+  std::uninitialized_fill_n(buf_ + num_, fill_count, default_value);
+  num_ += fill_count;
+}
+
+template <typename IdT, typename ValueT, typename TagIdT>
+auto ValueStore<IdT, ValueT, TagIdT>::OutputYaml() const
+    -> Yaml::OutputMapping {
+  return Yaml::OutputMapping([&](Yaml::OutputMapping::Map map) {
+    for (auto [id, value] : enumerate()) {
+      if constexpr (requires(llvm::raw_ostream& out) { out << value; }) {
+        map.Add(PrintToString(id), Yaml::OutputScalar(value));
+      } else {
+        map.Add(PrintToString(id), Yaml::OutputScalar("<unprintable>"));
+      }
+    }
+  });
+}
+
+template <typename IdT, typename ValueT, typename TagIdT>
+auto ValueStore<IdT, ValueT, TagIdT>::CollectMemUsage(
+    MemUsage& mem_usage, llvm::StringRef label) const -> void {
+  mem_usage.Add(label.str(), size_ * sizeof(ValueType),
+                Chunk::CapacityBytes * chunks_.size());
+}
+
+}  // namespace Carbon
+
+#endif  // CARBON_TOOLCHAIN_BASE_VALUE_STORE_IMPL_H_
diff --git a/toolchain/lex/BUILD b/toolchain/lex/BUILD
index 10534f5a4e8f..4da6d167ac6f 100644
--- a/toolchain/lex/BUILD
+++ b/toolchain/lex/BUILD
@@ -257,6 +257,7 @@ cc_library(
         "//toolchain/base:index_base",
         "//toolchain/base:mem_usage",
         "//toolchain/base:shared_value_stores",
+        "//toolchain/base:value_store",
         "//toolchain/diagnostics:emitter",
         "//toolchain/source:source_buffer",
         "@llvm-project//llvm:Support",
diff --git a/toolchain/lex/tokenized_buffer.cpp b/toolchain/lex/tokenized_buffer.cpp
index a3479d4b66e0..b02edb49866e 100644
--- a/toolchain/lex/tokenized_buffer.cpp
+++ b/toolchain/lex/tokenized_buffer.cpp
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@
 #include "llvm/Support/Format.h"
 #include "llvm/Support/FormatVariadic.h"
 #include "toolchain/base/shared_value_stores.h"
+#include "toolchain/base/value_store_impl.h"
 #include "toolchain/diagnostics/emitter.h"
 #include "toolchain/lex/character_set.h"
 #include "toolchain/lex/numeric_literal.h"
@@ -449,3 +450,9 @@ auto TokenizedBuffer::OverlapsWithDumpSemIRRange(
 }
 
 }  // namespace Carbon::Lex
+
+namespace Carbon {
+template class ValueStore<Lex::TokenIndex, Lex::TokenInfo>;
+template class ValueStore<Lex::LineIndex, Lex::LineInfo>;
+template class ValueStore<Lex::CommentIndex, Lex::CommentData>;
+}  // namespace Carbon
diff --git a/toolchain/lex/tokenized_buffer.h b/toolchain/lex/tokenized_buffer.h
index 8de771385253..152d44ed3080 100644
--- a/toolchain/lex/tokenized_buffer.h
+++ b/toolchain/lex/tokenized_buffer.h
@@ -383,4 +383,10 @@ inline auto TokenizedBuffer::AddToken(TokenInfo info) -> TokenIndex {
 
 }  // namespace Carbon::Lex
 
+namespace Carbon {
+extern template class ValueStore<Lex::TokenIndex, Lex::TokenInfo>;
+extern template class ValueStore<Lex::LineIndex, Lex::LineInfo>;
+extern template class ValueStore<Lex::CommentIndex, Lex::CommentData>;
+}  // namespace Carbon
+
 #endif  // CARBON_TOOLCHAIN_LEX_TOKENIZED_BUFFER_H_
diff --git a/toolchain/parse/tree.cpp b/toolchain/parse/tree.cpp
index 266c51f8d45c..06495c87a8e2 100644
--- a/toolchain/parse/tree.cpp
+++ b/toolchain/parse/tree.cpp
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@
 #include "common/error.h"
 #include "llvm/ADT/Sequence.h"
 #include "llvm/ADT/SmallVector.h"
+#include "toolchain/base/value_store_impl.h"
 #include "toolchain/lex/tokenized_buffer.h"
 #include "toolchain/parse/node_kind.h"
 #include "toolchain/parse/tree_and_subtrees.h"
@@ -87,3 +88,8 @@ auto Tree::PostorderIterator::Print(llvm::raw_ostream& output) const -> void {
 }
 
 }  // namespace Carbon::Parse
+
+namespace Carbon {
+template class ValueStore<Parse::DeferredDefinitionIndex,
+                          Parse::DeferredDefinition>;
+}  // namespace Carbon
diff --git a/toolchain/parse/tree.h b/toolchain/parse/tree.h
index 4c9510cf2d5d..b1c2ffdeedf4 100644
--- a/toolchain/parse/tree.h
+++ b/toolchain/parse/tree.h
@@ -349,4 +349,9 @@ struct Tree::ConvertTo<NodeIdOneOf<T...>> {
 
 }  // namespace Carbon::Parse
 
+namespace Carbon {
+extern template class ValueStore<Parse::DeferredDefinitionIndex,
+                                 Parse::DeferredDefinition>;
+}  // namespace Carbon
+
 #endif  // CARBON_TOOLCHAIN_PARSE_TREE_H_
diff --git a/toolchain/sem_ir/BUILD b/toolchain/sem_ir/BUILD
index 22e4e9bd9d66..773023e2c4a8 100644
--- a/toolchain/sem_ir/BUILD
+++ b/toolchain/sem_ir/BUILD
@@ -59,6 +59,7 @@ cc_library(
         "//common:ostream",
         "//common:raw_string_ostream",
         "//toolchain/base:canonical_value_store",
+        "//toolchain/base:value_store",
         "@llvm-project//clang:ast",
     ],
 )
@@ -82,11 +83,14 @@ cc_library(
 cc_library(
     name = "file",
     srcs = [
+        "associated_constant.cpp",
         "builtin_function_kind.cpp",
         "class.cpp",
         "constant.cpp",
         "core_interface.cpp",
+        "cpp_global_var.cpp",
         "cpp_initializer_list.cpp",
+        "cpp_overload_set.cpp",
         "facet_type_info.cpp",
         "file.cpp",
         "function.cpp",
@@ -94,12 +98,18 @@ cc_library(
         "impl.cpp",
         "import_ir.cpp",
         "inst.cpp",
+        "interface.cpp",
         "name.cpp",
         "name_scope.cpp",
+        "named_constraint.cpp",
         "pattern.cpp",
+        "require_impls.cpp",
+        "specific_interface.cpp",
+        "struct_type_field.cpp",
         "type.cpp",
         "type_info.cpp",
         "type_iterator.cpp",
+        "vtable.cpp",
     ],
     hdrs = [
         "associated_constant.h",
diff --git a/toolchain/sem_ir/associated_constant.cpp b/toolchain/sem_ir/associated_constant.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..2f0d2c6cc6fa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/toolchain/sem_ir/associated_constant.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+// Part of the Carbon Language project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM
+// Exceptions. See /LICENSE for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+
+#include "toolchain/sem_ir/associated_constant.h"
+
+#include "toolchain/base/value_store_impl.h"
+
+namespace Carbon {
+template class ValueStore<SemIR::AssociatedConstantId,
+                          SemIR::AssociatedConstant, Tag<SemIR::CheckIRId>>;
+}  // namespace Carbon
diff --git a/toolchain/sem_ir/associated_constant.h b/toolchain/sem_ir/associated_constant.h
index 1421631e91a2..eec01645e917 100644
--- a/toolchain/sem_ir/associated_constant.h
+++ b/toolchain/sem_ir/associated_constant.h
@@ -50,4 +50,10 @@ using AssociatedConstantStore =
 
 }  // namespace Carbon::SemIR
 
+namespace Carbon {
+extern template class ValueStore<SemIR::AssociatedConstantId,
+                                 SemIR::AssociatedConstant,
+                                 Tag<SemIR::CheckIRId>>;
+}  // namespace Carbon
+
 #endif  // CARBON_TOOLCHAIN_SEM_IR_ASSOCIATED_CONSTANT_H_
diff --git a/toolchain/sem_ir/bundle.h b/toolchain/sem_ir/bundle.h
index 74a7308ddb4f..cfd1b89fd97d 100644
--- a/toolchain/sem_ir/bundle.h
+++ b/toolchain/sem_ir/bundle.h
@@ -307,4 +307,9 @@ class BundleStore {
 
 }  // namespace Carbon::SemIR
 
+namespace Carbon {
+extern template class BlockValueStore<SemIR::RawBundleId, SemIR::AnyRawId,
+                                      Tag<SemIR::CheckIRId>>;
+}  // namespace Carbon
+
 #endif  // CARBON_TOOLCHAIN_SEM_IR_BUNDLE_H_
diff --git a/toolchain/sem_ir/clang_decl.cpp b/toolchain/sem_ir/clang_decl.cpp
index 8752e0740d57..097e65c672a7 100644
--- a/toolchain/sem_ir/clang_decl.cpp
+++ b/toolchain/sem_ir/clang_decl.cpp
@@ -8,6 +8,8 @@
 #include "clang/AST/TextNodeDumper.h"
 #include "common/ostream.h"
 #include "common/raw_string_ostream.h"
+#include "toolchain/base/canonical_value_store_impl.h"
+#include "toolchain/base/value_store_impl.h"
 
 namespace Carbon::SemIR {
 
@@ -107,3 +109,15 @@ auto ClangDeclStore::CollectMemUsage(MemUsage& mem_usage,
 }
 
 }  // namespace Carbon::SemIR
+
+namespace Carbon {
+template class CanonicalValueStore<SemIR::ClangDeclId, SemIR::ClangDeclKey,
+                                   Tag<SemIR::CheckIRId>, SemIR::ClangDecl>;
+template class ValueStore<SemIR::ClangDeclId, SemIR::ClangDecl,
+                          Tag<SemIR::CheckIRId>>;
+template class CanonicalValueStore<
+    SemIR::ClangDeclSignatureId, SemIR::ClangDeclSignature,
+    Tag<SemIR::CheckIRId>, SemIR::ClangDeclSignature>;
+template class ValueStore<SemIR::ClangDeclSignatureId,
+                          SemIR::ClangDeclSignature, Tag<SemIR::CheckIRId>>;
+}  // namespace Carbon
diff --git a/toolchain/sem_ir/clang_decl.h b/toolchain/sem_ir/clang_decl.h
index d9920ba47a74..07cf0c095a18 100644
--- a/toolchain/sem_ir/clang_decl.h
+++ b/toolchain/sem_ir/clang_decl.h
@@ -223,4 +223,18 @@ using ClangDeclSignatureStore =
 
 }  // namespace Carbon::SemIR
 
+namespace Carbon {
+extern template class CanonicalValueStore<
+    SemIR::ClangDeclId, SemIR::ClangDeclKey, Tag<SemIR::CheckIRId>,
+    SemIR::ClangDecl>;
+extern template class ValueStore<SemIR::ClangDeclId, SemIR::ClangDecl,
+                                 Tag<SemIR::CheckIRId>>;
+extern template class CanonicalValueStore<
+    SemIR::ClangDeclSignatureId, SemIR::ClangDeclSignature,
+    Tag<SemIR::CheckIRId>, SemIR::ClangDeclSignature>;
+extern template class ValueStore<SemIR::ClangDeclSignatureId,
+                                 SemIR::ClangDeclSignature,
+                                 Tag<SemIR::CheckIRId>>;
+}  // namespace Carbon
+
 #endif  // CARBON_TOOLCHAIN_SEM_IR_CLANG_DECL_H_
diff --git a/toolchain/sem_ir/class.cpp b/toolchain/sem_ir/class.cpp
index 72acb30271ef..dfa0dc66bfd5 100644
--- a/toolchain/sem_ir/class.cpp
+++ b/toolchain/sem_ir/class.cpp
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@
 
 #include "toolchain/sem_ir/class.h"
 
+#include "toolchain/base/value_store_impl.h"
 #include "toolchain/sem_ir/file.h"
 #include "toolchain/sem_ir/generic.h"
 #include "toolchain/sem_ir/ids.h"
@@ -51,3 +52,7 @@ auto Class::GetObjectRepr(const File& file, SpecificId specific_id) const
 }
 
 }  // namespace Carbon::SemIR
+
+namespace Carbon {
+template class ValueStore<SemIR::ClassId, SemIR::Class, Tag<SemIR::CheckIRId>>;
+}  // namespace Carbon
diff --git a/toolchain/sem_ir/class.h b/toolchain/sem_ir/class.h
index 6b0d13d54239..1c6b5b7fdb3e 100644
--- a/toolchain/sem_ir/class.h
+++ b/toolchain/sem_ir/class.h
@@ -135,4 +135,9 @@ using ClassStore = ValueStore<ClassId, Class, Tag<CheckIRId>>;
 
 }  // namespace Carbon::SemIR
 
+namespace Carbon {
+extern template class ValueStore<SemIR::ClassId, SemIR::Class,
+                                 Tag<SemIR::CheckIRId>>;
+}  // namespace Carbon
+
 #endif  // CARBON_TOOLCHAIN_SEM_IR_CLASS_H_
diff --git a/toolchain/sem_ir/constant.cpp b/toolchain/sem_ir/constant.cpp
index f0ca32332d39..866c55c00454 100644
--- a/toolchain/sem_ir/constant.cpp
+++ b/toolchain/sem_ir/constant.cpp
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@
 
 #include "toolchain/sem_ir/constant.h"
 
+#include "toolchain/base/value_store_impl.h"
 #include "toolchain/sem_ir/file.h"
 
 namespace Carbon::SemIR {
@@ -63,3 +64,10 @@ auto GetInstWithConstantValue(const File& file, ConstantId const_id) -> InstId {
 }
 
 }  // namespace Carbon::SemIR
+
+namespace Carbon {
+template class ValueStore<SemIR::InstId, SemIR::ConstantId,
+                          Tag<SemIR::CheckIRId>>;
+template class ValueStore<SemIR::ConstantId::SymbolicId,
+                          SemIR::SymbolicConstant, Tag<SemIR::CheckIRId>>;
+}  // namespace Carbon
diff --git a/toolchain/sem_ir/constant.h b/toolchain/sem_ir/constant.h
index d520209fb479..b2579c315430 100644
--- a/toolchain/sem_ir/constant.h
+++ b/toolchain/sem_ir/constant.h
@@ -368,4 +368,12 @@ class ConstantStore {
 
 }  // namespace Carbon::SemIR
 
+namespace Carbon {
+extern template class ValueStore<SemIR::InstId, SemIR::ConstantId,
+                                 Tag<SemIR::CheckIRId>>;
+extern template class ValueStore<SemIR::ConstantId::SymbolicId,
+                                 SemIR::SymbolicConstant,
+                                 Tag<SemIR::CheckIRId>>;
+}  // namespace Carbon
+
 #endif  // CARBON_TOOLCHAIN_SEM_IR_CONSTANT_H_
diff --git a/toolchain/sem_ir/cpp_global_var.cpp b/toolchain/sem_ir/cpp_global_var.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..b4738ab28011
--- /dev/null
+++ b/toolchain/sem_ir/cpp_global_var.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+// Part of the Carbon Language project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM
+// Exceptions. See /LICENSE for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+
+#include "toolchain/sem_ir/cpp_global_var.h"
+
+#include "toolchain/base/canonical_value_store_impl.h"
+#include "toolchain/base/value_store_impl.h"
+
+namespace Carbon {
+template class CanonicalValueStore<SemIR::CppGlobalVarId,
+                                   SemIR::CppGlobalVarKey,
+                                   Tag<SemIR::CheckIRId>, SemIR::CppGlobalVar>;
+template class ValueStore<SemIR::CppGlobalVarId, SemIR::CppGlobalVar,
+                          Tag<SemIR::CheckIRId>>;
+}  // namespace Carbon
diff --git a/toolchain/sem_ir/cpp_global_var.h b/toolchain/sem_ir/cpp_global_var.h
index 586b176d8f0c..078db0a27261 100644
--- a/toolchain/sem_ir/cpp_global_var.h
+++ b/toolchain/sem_ir/cpp_global_var.h
@@ -54,4 +54,12 @@ using CppGlobalVarStore = CanonicalValueStore<CppGlobalVarId, CppGlobalVarKey,
 
 }  // namespace Carbon::SemIR
 
+namespace Carbon {
+extern template class CanonicalValueStore<
+    SemIR::CppGlobalVarId, SemIR::CppGlobalVarKey, Tag<SemIR::CheckIRId>,
+    SemIR::CppGlobalVar>;
+extern template class ValueStore<SemIR::CppGlobalVarId, SemIR::CppGlobalVar,
+                                 Tag<SemIR::CheckIRId>>;
+}  // namespace Carbon
+
 #endif  // CARBON_TOOLCHAIN_SEM_IR_CPP_GLOBAL_VAR_H_
diff --git a/toolchain/sem_ir/cpp_overload_set.cpp b/toolchain/sem_ir/cpp_overload_set.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..6172f4e26ab0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/toolchain/sem_ir/cpp_overload_set.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+// Part of the Carbon Language project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM
+// Exceptions. See /LICENSE for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+
+#include "toolchain/sem_ir/cpp_overload_set.h"
+
+#include "toolchain/base/value_store_impl.h"
+
+namespace Carbon {
+template class ValueStore<SemIR::CppOverloadSetId, SemIR::CppOverloadSet,
+                          Tag<SemIR::CheckIRId>>;
+}  // namespace Carbon
diff --git a/toolchain/sem_ir/cpp_overload_set.h b/toolchain/sem_ir/cpp_overload_set.h
index 30ded7b2df02..31716a3f4740 100644
--- a/toolchain/sem_ir/cpp_overload_set.h
+++ b/toolchain/sem_ir/cpp_overload_set.h
@@ -44,4 +44,9 @@ using CppOverloadSetStore =
 
 }  // namespace Carbon::SemIR
 
+namespace Carbon {
+extern template class ValueStore<SemIR::CppOverloadSetId, SemIR::CppOverloadSet,
+                                 Tag<SemIR::CheckIRId>>;
+}  // namespace Carbon
+
 #endif  // CARBON_TOOLCHAIN_SEM_IR_CPP_OVERLOAD_SET_H_
diff --git a/toolchain/sem_ir/facet_type_info.cpp b/toolchain/sem_ir/facet_type_info.cpp
index 824594ffd72c..bf08efe9f770 100644
--- a/toolchain/sem_ir/facet_type_info.cpp
+++ b/toolchain/sem_ir/facet_type_info.cpp
@@ -6,7 +6,9 @@
 
 #include <tuple>
 
+#include "toolchain/base/canonical_value_store_impl.h"
 #include "toolchain/base/kind_switch.h"
+#include "toolchain/base/value_store_impl.h"
 #include "toolchain/sem_ir/file.h"
 #include "toolchain/sem_ir/ids.h"
 #include "toolchain/sem_ir/typed_insts.h"
@@ -361,3 +363,15 @@ auto AddCanonicalWitnessesBlock(File& sem_ir,
 }
 
 }  // namespace Carbon::SemIR
+
+namespace Carbon {
+template class CanonicalValueStore<SemIR::FacetTypeId, SemIR::FacetTypeInfo,
+                                   Tag<SemIR::CheckIRId>>;
+template class CanonicalValueStore<
+    SemIR::IdentifiedFacetTypeId, SemIR::IdentifiedFacetTypeKey,
+    Tag<SemIR::CheckIRId>, SemIR::IdentifiedFacetType>;
+template class ValueStore<SemIR::FacetTypeId, SemIR::FacetTypeInfo,
+                          Tag<SemIR::CheckIRId>>;
+template class ValueStore<SemIR::IdentifiedFacetTypeId,
+                          SemIR::IdentifiedFacetType, Tag<SemIR::CheckIRId>>;
+}  // namespace Carbon
diff --git a/toolchain/sem_ir/facet_type_info.h b/toolchain/sem_ir/facet_type_info.h
index 58d86701305b..96d2a0c86c6d 100644
--- a/toolchain/sem_ir/facet_type_info.h
+++ b/toolchain/sem_ir/facet_type_info.h
@@ -285,4 +285,17 @@ auto AddCanonicalWitnessesBlock(File& sem_ir,
 
 }  // namespace Carbon::SemIR
 
+namespace Carbon {
+extern template class CanonicalValueStore<
+    SemIR::FacetTypeId, SemIR::FacetTypeInfo, Tag<SemIR::CheckIRId>>;
+extern template class CanonicalValueStore<
+    SemIR::IdentifiedFacetTypeId, SemIR::IdentifiedFacetTypeKey,
+    Tag<SemIR::CheckIRId>, SemIR::IdentifiedFacetType>;
+extern template class ValueStore<SemIR::FacetTypeId, SemIR::FacetTypeInfo,
+                                 Tag<SemIR::CheckIRId>>;
+extern template class ValueStore<SemIR::IdentifiedFacetTypeId,
+                                 SemIR::IdentifiedFacetType,
+                                 Tag<SemIR::CheckIRId>>;
+}  // namespace Carbon
+
 #endif  // CARBON_TOOLCHAIN_SEM_IR_FACET_TYPE_INFO_H_
diff --git a/toolchain/sem_ir/file.cpp b/toolchain/sem_ir/file.cpp
index 47460acd1d98..0318b516b5b0 100644
--- a/toolchain/sem_ir/file.cpp
+++ b/toolchain/sem_ir/file.cpp
@@ -11,8 +11,10 @@
 #include "common/check.h"
 #include "llvm/ADT/STLExtras.h"
 #include "llvm/ADT/SmallVector.h"
+#include "toolchain/base/block_value_store_impl.h"
 #include "toolchain/base/kind_switch.h"
 #include "toolchain/base/shared_value_stores.h"
+#include "toolchain/base/value_store_impl.h"
 #include "toolchain/base/yaml.h"
 #include "toolchain/parse/node_ids.h"
 #include "toolchain/sem_ir/ids.h"
@@ -220,3 +222,17 @@ auto File::set_cpp_file(std::unique_ptr<SemIR::CppFile> cpp_file) -> void {
 }
 
 }  // namespace Carbon::SemIR
+
+namespace Carbon {
+template class ValueStore<SemIR::ExprRegionId, SemIR::ExprRegion,
+                          Tag<SemIR::CheckIRId>>;
+template class ValueStore<SemIR::ClangSourceLocId, clang::SourceLocation,
+                          Tag<SemIR::CheckIRId>>;
+template class ValueStore<SemIR::CustomLayoutId,
+                          llvm::MutableArrayRef<SemIR::ObjectSize>,
+                          Tag<SemIR::CheckIRId>>;
+template class BlockValueStore<SemIR::CustomLayoutId, SemIR::ObjectSize,
+                               Tag<SemIR::CheckIRId>>;
+template class BlockValueStore<SemIR::RawBundleId, SemIR::AnyRawId,
+                               Tag<SemIR::CheckIRId>>;
+}  // namespace Carbon
diff --git a/toolchain/sem_ir/file.h b/toolchain/sem_ir/file.h
index d14ac487d83b..026cece7d37f 100644
--- a/toolchain/sem_ir/file.h
+++ b/toolchain/sem_ir/file.h
@@ -450,4 +450,16 @@ class File : public Printable<File> {
 
 }  // namespace Carbon::SemIR
 
+namespace Carbon {
+extern template class ValueStore<SemIR::ExprRegionId, SemIR::ExprRegion,
+                                 Tag<SemIR::CheckIRId>>;
+extern template class ValueStore<SemIR::ClangSourceLocId, clang::SourceLocation,
+                                 Tag<SemIR::CheckIRId>>;
+extern template class ValueStore<SemIR::CustomLayoutId,
+                                 llvm::MutableArrayRef<SemIR::ObjectSize>,
+                                 Tag<SemIR::CheckIRId>>;
+extern template class BlockValueStore<SemIR::CustomLayoutId, SemIR::ObjectSize,
+                                      Tag<SemIR::CheckIRId>>;
+}  // namespace Carbon
+
 #endif  // CARBON_TOOLCHAIN_SEM_IR_FILE_H_
diff --git a/toolchain/sem_ir/function.cpp b/toolchain/sem_ir/function.cpp
index 317c985f22ce..b77643817ade 100644
--- a/toolchain/sem_ir/function.cpp
+++ b/toolchain/sem_ir/function.cpp
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@
 #include <variant>
 
 #include "toolchain/base/kind_switch.h"
+#include "toolchain/base/value_store_impl.h"
 #include "toolchain/sem_ir/file.h"
 #include "toolchain/sem_ir/generic.h"
 #include "toolchain/sem_ir/ids.h"
@@ -145,3 +146,8 @@ auto Function::GetDeclaredReturnForm(const File& file,
 }
 
 }  // namespace Carbon::SemIR
+
+namespace Carbon {
+template class ValueStore<SemIR::FunctionId, SemIR::Function,
+                          Tag<SemIR::CheckIRId>>;
+}  // namespace Carbon
diff --git a/toolchain/sem_ir/function.h b/toolchain/sem_ir/function.h
index 1c4cdc5c8a45..27a8a6dcf5b0 100644
--- a/toolchain/sem_ir/function.h
+++ b/toolchain/sem_ir/function.h
@@ -372,4 +372,9 @@ auto DecomposeVirtualFunction(const File& sem_ir, InstId fn_decl_id,
 
 }  // namespace Carbon::SemIR
 
+namespace Carbon {
+extern template class ValueStore<SemIR::FunctionId, SemIR::Function,
+                                 Tag<SemIR::CheckIRId>>;
+}  // namespace Carbon
+
 #endif  // CARBON_TOOLCHAIN_SEM_IR_FUNCTION_H_
diff --git a/toolchain/sem_ir/generic.cpp b/toolchain/sem_ir/generic.cpp
index 6f40518dda7f..c1a882fe5334 100644
--- a/toolchain/sem_ir/generic.cpp
+++ b/toolchain/sem_ir/generic.cpp
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@
 
 #include "toolchain/sem_ir/generic.h"
 
+#include "toolchain/base/value_store_impl.h"
 #include "toolchain/sem_ir/file.h"
 #include "toolchain/sem_ir/typed_insts.h"
 
@@ -137,3 +138,10 @@ auto GetTypeOfInstInSpecific(const File& specific_ir, SpecificId specific_id,
 }
 
 }  // namespace Carbon::SemIR
+
+namespace Carbon {
+template class ValueStore<SemIR::GenericId, SemIR::Generic,
+                          Tag<SemIR::CheckIRId>>;
+template class ValueStore<SemIR::SpecificId, SemIR::Specific,
+                          Tag<SemIR::CheckIRId>>;
+}  // namespace Carbon
diff --git a/toolchain/sem_ir/generic.h b/toolchain/sem_ir/generic.h
index 4cb2975ea1c6..744bd40b8613 100644
--- a/toolchain/sem_ir/generic.h
+++ b/toolchain/sem_ir/generic.h
@@ -214,4 +214,11 @@ auto GetTypeOfInstInSpecific(const File& specific_ir, SpecificId specific_id,
 
 }  // namespace Carbon::SemIR
 
+namespace Carbon {
+extern template class ValueStore<SemIR::GenericId, SemIR::Generic,
+                                 Tag<SemIR::CheckIRId>>;
+extern template class ValueStore<SemIR::SpecificId, SemIR::Specific,
+                                 Tag<SemIR::CheckIRId>>;
+}  // namespace Carbon
+
 #endif  // CARBON_TOOLCHAIN_SEM_IR_GENERIC_H_
diff --git a/toolchain/sem_ir/impl.cpp b/toolchain/sem_ir/impl.cpp
index 79fbc6e68824..c04536322991 100644
--- a/toolchain/sem_ir/impl.cpp
+++ b/toolchain/sem_ir/impl.cpp
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@
 #include "toolchain/sem_ir/impl.h"
 
 #include "toolchain/base/kind_switch.h"
+#include "toolchain/base/value_store_impl.h"
 #include "toolchain/sem_ir/facet_type_info.h"
 #include "toolchain/sem_ir/file.h"
 #include "toolchain/sem_ir/specific_interface.h"
@@ -40,3 +41,7 @@ auto ImplStore::GetOrAddLookupBucket(const Impl& impl) -> LookupBucketRef {
 }
 
 }  // namespace Carbon::SemIR
+
+namespace Carbon {
+template class ValueStore<SemIR::ImplId, SemIR::Impl, Tag<SemIR::CheckIRId>>;
+}  // namespace Carbon
diff --git a/toolchain/sem_ir/impl.h b/toolchain/sem_ir/impl.h
index 92aa26818199..18f7ea12b1cc 100644
--- a/toolchain/sem_ir/impl.h
+++ b/toolchain/sem_ir/impl.h
@@ -229,4 +229,9 @@ inline constexpr ImplStore::ImplOrLookupBucketId
 
 }  // namespace Carbon::SemIR
 
+namespace Carbon {
+extern template class ValueStore<SemIR::ImplId, SemIR::Impl,
+                                 Tag<SemIR::CheckIRId>>;
+}  // namespace Carbon
+
 #endif  // CARBON_TOOLCHAIN_SEM_IR_IMPL_H_
diff --git a/toolchain/sem_ir/import_ir.cpp b/toolchain/sem_ir/import_ir.cpp
index 84d33393f072..417bd80d4e48 100644
--- a/toolchain/sem_ir/import_ir.cpp
+++ b/toolchain/sem_ir/import_ir.cpp
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@
 
 #include <utility>
 
+#include "toolchain/base/value_store_impl.h"
 #include "toolchain/sem_ir/file.h"
 
 namespace Carbon::SemIR {
@@ -56,3 +57,9 @@ auto GetCanonicalFileAndInstId(const File* sem_ir, InstId inst_id)
 }
 
 }  // namespace Carbon::SemIR
+
+namespace Carbon {
+template class ValueStore<SemIR::ImportIRId, SemIR::ImportIR,
+                          Tag<SemIR::CheckIRId>>;
+template class ValueStore<SemIR::ImportIRInstId, SemIR::ImportIRInst>;
+}  // namespace Carbon
diff --git a/toolchain/sem_ir/import_ir.h b/toolchain/sem_ir/import_ir.h
index 5846461a53d0..91aecc3fcf3e 100644
--- a/toolchain/sem_ir/import_ir.h
+++ b/toolchain/sem_ir/import_ir.h
@@ -83,4 +83,10 @@ auto GetCanonicalFileAndInstId(const File* sem_ir, InstId inst_id)
 
 }  // namespace Carbon::SemIR
 
+namespace Carbon {
+extern template class ValueStore<SemIR::ImportIRId, SemIR::ImportIR,
+                                 Tag<SemIR::CheckIRId>>;
+extern template class ValueStore<SemIR::ImportIRInstId, SemIR::ImportIRInst>;
+}  // namespace Carbon
+
 #endif  // CARBON_TOOLCHAIN_SEM_IR_IMPORT_IR_H_
diff --git a/toolchain/sem_ir/inst.cpp b/toolchain/sem_ir/inst.cpp
index 943e399b89ec..59beb9aeb4ad 100644
--- a/toolchain/sem_ir/inst.cpp
+++ b/toolchain/sem_ir/inst.cpp
@@ -6,6 +6,8 @@
 
 #include <utility>
 
+#include "toolchain/base/block_value_store_impl.h"
+#include "toolchain/base/value_store_impl.h"
 #include "toolchain/sem_ir/file.h"
 
 namespace Carbon::SemIR {
@@ -160,3 +162,11 @@ auto LocIdAndInst::RuntimeVerified(const File& file, LocId loc_id, Inst inst)
 }
 
 }  // namespace Carbon::SemIR
+
+namespace Carbon {
+template class ValueStore<SemIR::InstBlockId,
+                          llvm::MutableArrayRef<SemIR::InstId>,
+                          Tag<SemIR::CheckIRId>>;
+template class BlockValueStore<SemIR::InstBlockId, SemIR::InstId,
+                               Tag<SemIR::CheckIRId>>;
+}  // namespace Carbon
diff --git a/toolchain/sem_ir/inst.h b/toolchain/sem_ir/inst.h
index 19d42bf89fa4..5131328903ce 100644
--- a/toolchain/sem_ir/inst.h
+++ b/toolchain/sem_ir/inst.h
@@ -708,4 +708,12 @@ inline auto CarbonHashValue(const Inst& value, uint64_t seed) -> HashCode {
 
 }  // namespace Carbon::SemIR
 
+namespace Carbon {
+extern template class ValueStore<SemIR::InstBlockId,
+                                 llvm::MutableArrayRef<SemIR::InstId>,
+                                 Tag<SemIR::CheckIRId>>;
+extern template class BlockValueStore<SemIR::InstBlockId, SemIR::InstId,
+                                      Tag<SemIR::CheckIRId>>;
+}  // namespace Carbon
+
 #endif  // CARBON_TOOLCHAIN_SEM_IR_INST_H_
diff --git a/toolchain/sem_ir/interface.cpp b/toolchain/sem_ir/interface.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..6ab8807af45d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/toolchain/sem_ir/interface.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+// Part of the Carbon Language project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM
+// Exceptions. See /LICENSE for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+
+#include "toolchain/sem_ir/interface.h"
+
+#include "toolchain/base/value_store_impl.h"
+
+namespace Carbon {
+template class ValueStore<SemIR::InterfaceId, SemIR::Interface,
+                          Tag<SemIR::CheckIRId>>;
+}  // namespace Carbon
diff --git a/toolchain/sem_ir/interface.h b/toolchain/sem_ir/interface.h
index 8ebc4b6de8fb..5d9f4785065d 100644
--- a/toolchain/sem_ir/interface.h
+++ b/toolchain/sem_ir/interface.h
@@ -73,4 +73,9 @@ using InterfaceStore = ValueStore<InterfaceId, Interface, Tag<CheckIRId>>;
 
 }  // namespace Carbon::SemIR
 
+namespace Carbon {
+extern template class ValueStore<SemIR::InterfaceId, SemIR::Interface,
+                                 Tag<SemIR::CheckIRId>>;
+}  // namespace Carbon
+
 #endif  // CARBON_TOOLCHAIN_SEM_IR_INTERFACE_H_
diff --git a/toolchain/sem_ir/name_scope.cpp b/toolchain/sem_ir/name_scope.cpp
index 0dd8e17507aa..16cde114af89 100644
--- a/toolchain/sem_ir/name_scope.cpp
+++ b/toolchain/sem_ir/name_scope.cpp
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@
 #include <optional>
 #include <utility>
 
+#include "toolchain/base/value_store_impl.h"
 #include "toolchain/sem_ir/file.h"
 
 namespace Carbon::SemIR {
@@ -100,3 +101,8 @@ auto NameScopeStore::GetInstIfValid(NameScopeId scope_id) const
 }
 
 }  // namespace Carbon::SemIR
+
+namespace Carbon {
+template class ValueStore<SemIR::NameScopeId, SemIR::NameScope,
+                          Tag<SemIR::CheckIRId>>;
+}
diff --git a/toolchain/sem_ir/named_constraint.cpp b/toolchain/sem_ir/named_constraint.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..63107661a934
--- /dev/null
+++ b/toolchain/sem_ir/named_constraint.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+// Part of the Carbon Language project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM
+// Exceptions. See /LICENSE for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+
+#include "toolchain/sem_ir/named_constraint.h"
+
+#include "toolchain/base/value_store_impl.h"
+
+namespace Carbon {
+template class ValueStore<SemIR::NamedConstraintId, SemIR::NamedConstraint,
+                          Tag<SemIR::CheckIRId>>;
+}  // namespace Carbon
diff --git a/toolchain/sem_ir/named_constraint.h b/toolchain/sem_ir/named_constraint.h
index 834bf18f596d..94fbf112bfc8 100644
--- a/toolchain/sem_ir/named_constraint.h
+++ b/toolchain/sem_ir/named_constraint.h
@@ -64,4 +64,9 @@ using NamedConstraintStore =
 
 }  // namespace Carbon::SemIR
 
+namespace Carbon {
+extern template class ValueStore<SemIR::NamedConstraintId,
+                                 SemIR::NamedConstraint, Tag<SemIR::CheckIRId>>;
+}  // namespace Carbon
+
 #endif  // CARBON_TOOLCHAIN_SEM_IR_NAMED_CONSTRAINT_H_
diff --git a/toolchain/sem_ir/require_impls.cpp b/toolchain/sem_ir/require_impls.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..c1b0036e5db5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/toolchain/sem_ir/require_impls.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+// Part of the Carbon Language project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM
+// Exceptions. See /LICENSE for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+
+#include "toolchain/sem_ir/require_impls.h"
+
+#include "toolchain/base/block_value_store_impl.h"
+#include "toolchain/base/value_store_impl.h"
+
+namespace Carbon {
+template class ValueStore<SemIR::RequireImplsId, SemIR::RequireImpls,
+                          Tag<SemIR::CheckIRId>>;
+template class ValueStore<SemIR::RequireImplsBlockId,
+                          llvm::MutableArrayRef<SemIR::RequireImplsId>,
+                          Tag<SemIR::CheckIRId>>;
+template class BlockValueStore<SemIR::RequireImplsBlockId,
+                               SemIR::RequireImplsId, Tag<SemIR::CheckIRId>>;
+}  // namespace Carbon
diff --git a/toolchain/sem_ir/require_impls.h b/toolchain/sem_ir/require_impls.h
index 4fd186ce6545..5a29c08e8e68 100644
--- a/toolchain/sem_ir/require_impls.h
+++ b/toolchain/sem_ir/require_impls.h
@@ -51,4 +51,14 @@ using RequireImplsBlockStore =
 
 }  // namespace Carbon::SemIR
 
+namespace Carbon {
+extern template class ValueStore<SemIR::RequireImplsId, SemIR::RequireImpls,
+                                 Tag<SemIR::CheckIRId>>;
+extern template class ValueStore<SemIR::RequireImplsBlockId,
+                                 llvm::MutableArrayRef<SemIR::RequireImplsId>,
+                                 Tag<SemIR::CheckIRId>>;
+extern template class BlockValueStore<
+    SemIR::RequireImplsBlockId, SemIR::RequireImplsId, Tag<SemIR::CheckIRId>>;
+}  // namespace Carbon
+
 #endif  // CARBON_TOOLCHAIN_SEM_IR_REQUIRE_IMPLS_H_
diff --git a/toolchain/sem_ir/specific_interface.cpp b/toolchain/sem_ir/specific_interface.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..2adb4bc01cb2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/toolchain/sem_ir/specific_interface.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+// Part of the Carbon Language project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM
+// Exceptions. See /LICENSE for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+
+#include "toolchain/sem_ir/specific_interface.h"
+
+#include "toolchain/base/canonical_value_store_impl.h"
+#include "toolchain/base/value_store_impl.h"
+
+namespace Carbon {
+template class CanonicalValueStore<SemIR::SpecificInterfaceId,
+                                   SemIR::SpecificInterface,
+                                   Tag<SemIR::CheckIRId>>;
+template class ValueStore<SemIR::SpecificInterfaceId, SemIR::SpecificInterface,
+                          Tag<SemIR::CheckIRId>>;
+}  // namespace Carbon
diff --git a/toolchain/sem_ir/specific_interface.h b/toolchain/sem_ir/specific_interface.h
index b49ce76033c5..67bb5cd904f7 100644
--- a/toolchain/sem_ir/specific_interface.h
+++ b/toolchain/sem_ir/specific_interface.h
@@ -38,4 +38,13 @@ using SpecificInterfaceStore =
 
 }  // namespace Carbon::SemIR
 
+namespace Carbon {
+extern template class CanonicalValueStore<SemIR::SpecificInterfaceId,
+                                          SemIR::SpecificInterface,
+                                          Tag<SemIR::CheckIRId>>;
+extern template class ValueStore<SemIR::SpecificInterfaceId,
+                                 SemIR::SpecificInterface,
+                                 Tag<SemIR::CheckIRId>>;
+}  // namespace Carbon
+
 #endif  // CARBON_TOOLCHAIN_SEM_IR_SPECIFIC_INTERFACE_H_
diff --git a/toolchain/sem_ir/struct_type_field.cpp b/toolchain/sem_ir/struct_type_field.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..280288e22c3b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/toolchain/sem_ir/struct_type_field.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+// Part of the Carbon Language project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM
+// Exceptions. See /LICENSE for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+
+#include "toolchain/sem_ir/struct_type_field.h"
+
+#include "toolchain/base/block_value_store_impl.h"
+#include "toolchain/base/value_store_impl.h"
+
+namespace Carbon {
+template class ValueStore<SemIR::StructTypeFieldsId,
+                          llvm::MutableArrayRef<SemIR::StructTypeField>,
+                          Tag<SemIR::CheckIRId>>;
+template class BlockValueStore<SemIR::StructTypeFieldsId,
+                               SemIR::StructTypeField, Tag<SemIR::CheckIRId>>;
+}  // namespace Carbon
diff --git a/toolchain/sem_ir/struct_type_field.h b/toolchain/sem_ir/struct_type_field.h
index 2ac1cca28f16..aa44797a8882 100644
--- a/toolchain/sem_ir/struct_type_field.h
+++ b/toolchain/sem_ir/struct_type_field.h
@@ -37,4 +37,12 @@ inline auto CarbonHashValue(const StructTypeField& value, uint64_t seed)
 
 }  // namespace Carbon::SemIR
 
+namespace Carbon {
+extern template class ValueStore<SemIR::StructTypeFieldsId,
+                                 llvm::MutableArrayRef<SemIR::StructTypeField>,
+                                 Tag<SemIR::CheckIRId>>;
+extern template class BlockValueStore<
+    SemIR::StructTypeFieldsId, SemIR::StructTypeField, Tag<SemIR::CheckIRId>>;
+}  // namespace Carbon
+
 #endif  // CARBON_TOOLCHAIN_SEM_IR_STRUCT_TYPE_FIELD_H_
diff --git a/toolchain/sem_ir/vtable.cpp b/toolchain/sem_ir/vtable.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..5b24c9802457
--- /dev/null
+++ b/toolchain/sem_ir/vtable.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+// Part of the Carbon Language project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM
+// Exceptions. See /LICENSE for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+
+#include "toolchain/sem_ir/vtable.h"
+
+#include "toolchain/base/value_store_impl.h"
+
+namespace Carbon {
+template class ValueStore<SemIR::VtableId, SemIR::Vtable,
+                          Tag<SemIR::CheckIRId>>;
+}  // namespace Carbon
diff --git a/toolchain/sem_ir/vtable.h b/toolchain/sem_ir/vtable.h
index 5fc40c457e3c..f9211aa9af3b 100644
--- a/toolchain/sem_ir/vtable.h
+++ b/toolchain/sem_ir/vtable.h
@@ -40,4 +40,9 @@ using VtableStore = ValueStore<VtableId, Vtable, Tag<CheckIRId>>;
 
 }  // namespace Carbon::SemIR
 
+namespace Carbon {
+extern template class ValueStore<SemIR::VtableId, SemIR::Vtable,
+                                 Tag<SemIR::CheckIRId>>;
+}  // namespace Carbon
+
 #endif  // CARBON_TOOLCHAIN_SEM_IR_VTABLE_H_