diff --git a/executable_semantics/interpreter/BUILD b/executable_semantics/interpreter/BUILD
index 707cbbe9735a..0934c7fc0b86 100644
--- a/executable_semantics/interpreter/BUILD
+++ b/executable_semantics/interpreter/BUILD
@@ -18,8 +18,8 @@ cc_library(
     hdrs = [
         "action.h",
         "assoc_list.h",
-        "cons_list.h",
         "interpreter.h",
+        "list_node.h",
         "stack.h",
         "typecheck.h",
         "value.h",
diff --git a/executable_semantics/interpreter/action.h b/executable_semantics/interpreter/action.h
index 8ce5be6210bf..72643287b1cc 100644
--- a/executable_semantics/interpreter/action.h
+++ b/executable_semantics/interpreter/action.h
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@
 
 #include "executable_semantics/ast/expression.h"
 #include "executable_semantics/ast/statement.h"
-#include "executable_semantics/interpreter/cons_list.h"
+#include "executable_semantics/interpreter/stack.h"
 #include "executable_semantics/interpreter/value.h"
 
 namespace Carbon {
diff --git a/executable_semantics/interpreter/cons_list.h b/executable_semantics/interpreter/cons_list.h
deleted file mode 100644
index 6340874e66a5..000000000000
--- a/executable_semantics/interpreter/cons_list.h
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,40 +0,0 @@
-// Part of the Carbon Language project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM
-// Exceptions. See /LICENSE for license information.
-// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
-
-#ifndef EXECUTABLE_SEMANTICS_INTERPRETER_CONS_LIST_H_
-#define EXECUTABLE_SEMANTICS_INTERPRETER_CONS_LIST_H_
-
-namespace Carbon {
-
-template <class T>
-struct Stack;
-
-template <class T>
-struct Cons {
-  friend struct Stack<T>;
-
- private:
-  Cons(T e, Cons* n) : curr(e), next(n) {}
-
-  const T curr;
-  Cons* const next;
-
-  // Cons cells are part of a "persistent data structure" and are thus
-  // immutable.
-  Cons& operator=(const Cons&) = delete;
-  Cons& operator=(Cons&&) = delete;
-};
-
-template <class T>
-auto Length(Cons<T>* ls) -> unsigned int {
-  if (ls) {
-    return 1 + Length(ls->next);
-  } else {
-    return 0;
-  }
-}
-
-}  // namespace Carbon
-
-#endif  // EXECUTABLE_SEMANTICS_INTERPRETER_CONS_LIST_H_
diff --git a/executable_semantics/interpreter/dictionary.h b/executable_semantics/interpreter/dictionary.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..4cec806a0984
--- /dev/null
+++ b/executable_semantics/interpreter/dictionary.h
@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+// Part of the Carbon Language project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM
+// Exceptions. See /LICENSE for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+
+#ifndef EXECUTABLE_SEMANTICS_INTERPRETER_DICTIONARY_H_
+#define EXECUTABLE_SEMANTICS_INTERPRETER_DICTIONARY_H_
+
+#include <iostream>
+#include <list>
+#include <optional>
+#include <string>
+
+#include "executable_semantics/interpreter/list_node.h"
+
+namespace Carbon {
+
+// A persistent dictionary with a simple implementation.
+// Copying the dictionary is O(1) time.
+template <class K, class V>
+class Dictionary {
+ public:
+  // Create an empty dictionary.
+  Dictionary() { head = nullptr; }
+
+  // Return the value associated with the given key.
+  // Time complexity: O(n) where n is the number of times
+  //    any value has been set across all keys.
+  auto Get(const K& key) -> std::optional<V> {
+    for (auto kv : *this) {
+      if (kv.first == key) {
+        return kv.second;
+      }
+    }
+    return std::nullopt;
+  }
+
+  // Associate the value v with key k in the dictionary.
+  // Time complexity: O(1).
+  auto Set(const K& k, const V& v) -> void {
+    head = new ListNode<std::pair<K, V>>(std::make_pair(k, v), head);
+  }
+
+  typedef ListNodeIterator<std::pair<K, V>> Iterator;
+
+  // The position of the first element of the dictionary
+  // or `end()` if the dictionary is empty.
+  auto begin() const -> Iterator { return Iterator(head); }
+
+  // The position one past that of the last element.
+  auto end() const -> Iterator { return Iterator(nullptr); }
+
+ private:
+  Dictionary(ListNode<std::pair<K, V>>* h) : head(h) {}
+
+  ListNode<std::pair<K, V>>* head;
+};
+
+}  // namespace Carbon
+
+#endif  // EXECUTABLE_SEMANTICS_INTERPRETER_DICTIONARY_H_
diff --git a/executable_semantics/interpreter/list_node.h b/executable_semantics/interpreter/list_node.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..bf5ad15d9233
--- /dev/null
+++ b/executable_semantics/interpreter/list_node.h
@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+// Part of the Carbon Language project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM
+// Exceptions. See /LICENSE for license information.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+
+#ifndef EXECUTABLE_SEMANTICS_INTERPRETER_LIST_NODE_H_
+#define EXECUTABLE_SEMANTICS_INTERPRETER_LIST_NODE_H_
+
+namespace Carbon {
+
+template <class T>
+struct ListNode {
+  ListNode(T e, ListNode* n) : curr(e), next(n) {}
+
+  const T curr;
+  ListNode* const next;
+
+  // ListNode cells are part of a "persistent data structure" and are thus
+  // immutable.
+  ListNode& operator=(const ListNode&) = delete;
+  ListNode& operator=(ListNode&&) = delete;
+};
+
+// A forward iterator over elements of a `ListNode` list.
+template <class T>
+struct ListNodeIterator {
+  using value_type = T;
+  using difference_type = std::ptrdiff_t;
+  using pointer = const T*;
+  using reference = const T&;
+  using iterator_category = std::forward_iterator_tag;
+
+  ListNodeIterator(ListNode<T>* x) : p(x) {}
+  ListNodeIterator(const ListNodeIterator& iter) : p(iter.p) {}
+  ListNodeIterator& operator++() {
+    p = p->next;
+    return *this;
+  }
+  ListNodeIterator operator++(int) {
+    ListNodeIterator tmp(*this);
+    operator++();
+    return tmp;
+  }
+  bool operator==(const ListNodeIterator& rhs) const { return p == rhs.p; }
+  bool operator!=(const ListNodeIterator& rhs) const { return p != rhs.p; }
+  const T& operator*() { return p->curr; }
+  const T* operator->() { return &p->curr; }
+
+ private:
+  ListNode<T>* p;
+};
+
+template <class T>
+auto Length(ListNode<T>* ls) -> unsigned int {
+  if (ls) {
+    return 1 + Length(ls->next);
+  } else {
+    return 0;
+  }
+}
+
+}  // namespace Carbon
+
+#endif  // EXECUTABLE_SEMANTICS_INTERPRETER_LIST_NODE_H_
diff --git a/executable_semantics/interpreter/stack.h b/executable_semantics/interpreter/stack.h
index 6b0dee533bdb..eb2a8666ab7a 100644
--- a/executable_semantics/interpreter/stack.h
+++ b/executable_semantics/interpreter/stack.h
@@ -9,6 +9,8 @@
 #include <cstddef>
 #include <iterator>
 
+#include "executable_semantics/interpreter/list_node.h"
+
 namespace Carbon {
 
 /// A persistent stack data structure.
@@ -24,7 +26,7 @@ struct Stack {
     using reference = const T&;
     using iterator_category = std::forward_iterator_tag;
 
-    Iterator(Cons<T>* x) : p(x) {}
+    Iterator(ListNode<T>* x) : p(x) {}
     Iterator(const Iterator& mit) : p(mit.p) {}
     Iterator& operator++() {
       p = p->next;
@@ -41,7 +43,7 @@ struct Stack {
     const T* operator->() { return &p->curr; }
 
    private:
-    Cons<T>* p;
+    ListNode<T>* p;
   };
 
   /// The position of the first/`Top()` element, or `end()` if
@@ -58,7 +60,7 @@ struct Stack {
   Stack(T x) : Stack() { Push(x); }
 
   /// Pushes `x` onto the top of the stack.
-  void Push(T x) { head = new Cons<T>(x, head); }
+  void Push(T x) { head = new ListNode<T>(x, head); }
 
   /// Returns a copy of `*this`, with `x` pushed onto the top.
   auto Pushing(T x) const -> Stack {
@@ -128,7 +130,7 @@ struct Stack {
 
  private:
   /// An linked list of cells containing the elements of self.
-  Cons<T>* head;
+  ListNode<T>* head;
 };
 
 }  // namespace Carbon
diff --git a/executable_semantics/interpreter/typecheck.cpp b/executable_semantics/interpreter/typecheck.cpp
index d9880d9dc26f..0e361f77dce0 100644
--- a/executable_semantics/interpreter/typecheck.cpp
+++ b/executable_semantics/interpreter/typecheck.cpp
@@ -12,7 +12,6 @@
 #include <vector>
 
 #include "executable_semantics/ast/function_definition.h"
-#include "executable_semantics/interpreter/cons_list.h"
 #include "executable_semantics/interpreter/interpreter.h"
 
 namespace Carbon {