Fix Devcontainer build errors (#4647)

Devcontainer Dockerfile has been updated to use Ubuntu 24.04 as the
base. Now devcontainer builds without errors. Tested with Podman on
Linux and Docker Desktop on Windows.

To avoid re-downloading and re-compiling whenever the container is
deleted, a named volume is mounted at /home/ubuntu/.cache.

Closes #4065

docker/ubuntu2404/github/Dockerfile

@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+# Part of the Carbon Language project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM
+# Exceptions. See /LICENSE for license information.
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
+
+FROM carbon-ubuntu2404-base as carbon-ubuntu2404-github-build
+
+# Clone git repository
+RUN git clone https://github.com/carbon-language/carbon-lang
+
+WORKDIR /carbon-lang
+
+# Setup pre-commit
+RUN pre-commit install
+
+# Build
+RUN bazel build //explorer
+
+FROM carbon-ubuntu2404-github-build
+
+CMD ["bazel", "run", "//explorer", "--", "./explorer/testdata/print/format_only.carbon"]