Replaced std::exit() with return Carbon::ErrorOr for expected errors like invalid syntax (#1120)

* Replaced std::exit() with return llvm::Expected/llvm::Error<T> for expected errors like invalid syntax.

* Use llvm::formatv() for formatting lexer error messages.
x

* Addresed merge errors.

* Fixed impl scope.

* Made ErrorBuilder::operator<< nodiscard, to catch code forgetting 'return' in 'return FATAL_COMPILATION_ERROR()'.

* FatalComplationError() -> ParseAndLexContext::RecordLexerError().
Other usages of ERROR_TOKEN in lexer.lpp were actually supposed to be END_OF_FILE.

* Update executable_semantics/syntax/parse_and_lex_context.h

Co-authored-by: Jon Meow <jperkins@google.com>

* Code review fixes.

* Update executable_semantics/syntax/parser.ypp

Co-authored-by: Jon Meow <jperkins@google.com>

* More code review fixes.

* Update executable_semantics/interpreter/type_checker.h

Co-authored-by: Jon Meow <jperkins@google.com>

* Yet more code review fixes...

* Update executable_semantics/syntax/lexer.lpp

Co-authored-by: Jon Meow <jperkins@google.com>

* code review comments

* Update executable_semantics/interpreter/interpreter.cpp

Co-authored-by: Geoff Romer <gromer@google.com>

* Apply suggestions from code review

Co-authored-by: Jon Meow <jperkins@google.com>

* Update executable_semantics/syntax/lexer.lpp

Co-authored-by: Jon Meow <jperkins@google.com>

* code review

* code review

* Apply suggestions from code review

Co-authored-by: Jon Meow <jperkins@google.com>

* formatted code

* review comments

* Switched to the new ErrorOr<V> error implementation

* code review comments

* fixed comment

* restored ostream.h as #976 makes the change unnecesary

* review comments

Co-authored-by: Jon Meow <jperkins@google.com>
Co-authored-by: Geoff Romer <gromer@google.com>

executable_semantics/ast/static_scope.h

@@ -12,10 +12,12 @@
 #include <vector>
 
 #include "common/check.h"
+#include "common/error.h"
 #include "executable_semantics/ast/ast_node.h"
 #include "executable_semantics/ast/source_location.h"
 #include "executable_semantics/ast/value_category.h"
 #include "executable_semantics/common/nonnull.h"
+#include "llvm/Support/Error.h"
 
 namespace Carbon {
 
@@ -133,7 +135,7 @@ class StaticScope {
  public:
   // Defines `name` to be `entity` in this scope, or reports a compilation error
   // if `name` is already defined to be a different entity in this scope.
-  void Add(std::string name, ValueNodeView entity);
+  auto Add(std::string name, ValueNodeView entity) -> ErrorOr<Success>;
 
   // Make `parent` a parent of this scope.
   // REQUIRES: `parent` is not already a parent of this scope.
@@ -145,14 +147,14 @@ class StaticScope {
   // scope, or reports a compilation error at `source_loc` there isn't exactly
   // one such definition.
   auto Resolve(const std::string& name, SourceLocation source_loc) const
-      -> ValueNodeView;
+      -> ErrorOr<ValueNodeView>;
 
  private:
   // Equivalent to Resolve, but returns `nullopt` instead of raising an error
   // if no definition can be found. Still raises a compilation error if more
   // than one definition is found.
   auto TryResolve(const std::string& name, SourceLocation source_loc) const
-      -> std::optional<ValueNodeView>;
+      -> ErrorOr<std::optional<ValueNodeView>>;
 
   // Maps locally declared names to their entities.
   std::unordered_map<std::string, ValueNodeView> declared_names_;