Replace :! binding syntax with phase keywords and contextual defaults (#7479)

Implement the toolchain side of proposal #7254, removing the `:!`
binding
syntax for generic and template parameters in favor of the keywords
`generic`,
`template`, and `runtime` plus contextual defaults for phase.

For valid programs this is semantics-preserving: each binding resolves
to the
same phase, and produces the same SemIR, as it did under `:!`/`:`. The
parser
derives a binding's phase from its syntactic context plus any explicit
phase
keyword; new diagnostics and error recovery for misused keywords are
described
below.

Implementation details for each component:

- Lexer: remove the `:!` (`ColonExclaim`) token, move its virtual
parse-node
  budget onto `:`, and add the `generic` and `runtime` keywords.
- Parser: thread a `BindingContext` (`ExplicitParam`, `DeducedParam`, or
`CompileTimeEntityParam`) from declaration introducers down through
parameter
lists to each binding pattern, using a one-token lookahead to
distinguish a
name-qualifier parameter list from a declaration's own final list.
Parameters
of a compile-time entity (`class`, `interface`, `constraint`, `choice`,
`alias`, `export`, `namespace`) and deduced `[]` parameters default to
checked
generic; explicit function parameters and local bindings default to
runtime.
`HandleBindingPattern` resolves the phase from that context plus the
keyword: a
`generic` keyword needs no node of its own (the phase is carried by the
  binding's node kind), while a `runtime` keyword is preserved as a
`RuntimeBindingName` node so `check` can name it in a diagnostic. A
phase
keyword that is merely redundant with the contextual default is
diagnosed
  here, without invalidating the parse tree.
- Check: a phase keyword that is invalid for its context (for example
`runtime`
on a checked-generic parameter) is diagnosed here, and recovers by
building an
error binding that still introduces the name so that later uses of it do
not
  produce cascading errors.

The removed `:!` syntax is now rejected as an ordinary parse error.

The `form`/`:?`/`->?` ("extended types") portion of proposal #7254 is
left for a
separate change.

Assisted-by: Claude Code

toolchain/parse/testdata/let/fail_generic_ref.carbon

@@ -8,23 +8,22 @@
 // TIP: To dump output, run:
 // TIP:   bazel run //toolchain/testing:file_test -- --dump_output --file_tests=toolchain/parse/testdata/let/fail_generic_ref.carbon
 
-// CHECK:STDERR: fail_generic_ref.carbon:[[@LINE+4]]:5: error: expected `:` binding after `ref` [ExpectedRuntimeBindingPatternAfterRef]
-// CHECK:STDERR: let ref X:! i32 = 0;
-// CHECK:STDERR:     ^~~
+// CHECK:STDERR: fail_generic_ref.carbon:[[@LINE+4]]:13: error: `ref` is only allowed on a runtime binding [ExpectedRuntimeBindingPatternAfterRef]
+// CHECK:STDERR: let generic ref X: i32 = 0;
+// CHECK:STDERR:             ^~~
 // CHECK:STDERR:
-let ref X:! i32 = 0;
+let generic ref X: i32 = 0;
 
 // CHECK:STDOUT: - filename: fail_generic_ref.carbon
 // CHECK:STDOUT:   parse_tree: [
 // CHECK:STDOUT:     {kind: 'FileStart', text: ''},
 // CHECK:STDOUT:       {kind: 'LetIntroducer', text: 'let'},
-// CHECK:STDOUT:             {kind: 'IdentifierNameNotBeforeSignature', text: 'X'},
-// CHECK:STDOUT:           {kind: 'RefBindingName', text: 'ref', has_error: yes, subtree_size: 2},
-// CHECK:STDOUT:         {kind: 'CompileTimeBindingPatternStart', text: ':!', has_error: yes, subtree_size: 3},
+// CHECK:STDOUT:           {kind: 'IdentifierNameNotBeforeSignature', text: 'X'},
+// CHECK:STDOUT:         {kind: 'CompileTimeBindingPatternStart', text: ':', has_error: yes, subtree_size: 2},
 // CHECK:STDOUT:         {kind: 'IntTypeLiteral', text: 'i32'},
-// CHECK:STDOUT:       {kind: 'CompileTimeBindingPattern', text: ':!', has_error: yes, subtree_size: 5},
+// CHECK:STDOUT:       {kind: 'CompileTimeBindingPattern', text: ':', has_error: yes, subtree_size: 4},
 // CHECK:STDOUT:       {kind: 'LetInitializer', text: '='},
 // CHECK:STDOUT:       {kind: 'IntLiteral', text: '0'},
-// CHECK:STDOUT:     {kind: 'LetDecl', text: ';', subtree_size: 9},
+// CHECK:STDOUT:     {kind: 'LetDecl', text: ';', subtree_size: 8},
 // CHECK:STDOUT:     {kind: 'FileEnd', text: ''},
 // CHECK:STDOUT:   ]

toolchain/parse/testdata/let/fail_missing_name.carbon

@@ -18,11 +18,11 @@ let : i32 = 4;
 
 // --- fail_compiletime_binding.carbon
 
-// CHECK:STDERR: fail_compiletime_binding.carbon:[[@LINE+4]]:5: error: expected pattern [ExpectedPattern]
-// CHECK:STDERR: let :! bool = true;
-// CHECK:STDERR:     ^~
+// CHECK:STDERR: fail_compiletime_binding.carbon:[[@LINE+4]]:13: error: expected name in binding pattern [ExpectedBindingPattern]
+// CHECK:STDERR: let generic : bool = true;
+// CHECK:STDERR:             ^
 // CHECK:STDERR:
-let :! bool = true;
+let generic : bool = true;
 
 // CHECK:STDOUT: - filename: fail_runtime_binding.carbon
 // CHECK:STDOUT:   parse_tree: [
@@ -38,9 +38,12 @@ let :! bool = true;
 // CHECK:STDOUT:   parse_tree: [
 // CHECK:STDOUT:     {kind: 'FileStart', text: ''},
 // CHECK:STDOUT:       {kind: 'LetIntroducer', text: 'let'},
-// CHECK:STDOUT:       {kind: 'InvalidParse', text: ':!', has_error: yes},
+// CHECK:STDOUT:           {kind: 'IdentifierNameNotBeforeSignature', text: ':', has_error: yes},
+// CHECK:STDOUT:         {kind: 'CompileTimeBindingPatternStart', text: ':', has_error: yes, subtree_size: 2},
+// CHECK:STDOUT:         {kind: 'BoolTypeLiteral', text: 'bool'},
+// CHECK:STDOUT:       {kind: 'CompileTimeBindingPattern', text: ':', has_error: yes, subtree_size: 4},
 // CHECK:STDOUT:       {kind: 'LetInitializer', text: '='},
 // CHECK:STDOUT:       {kind: 'BoolLiteralTrue', text: 'true'},
-// CHECK:STDOUT:     {kind: 'LetDecl', text: ';', subtree_size: 5},
+// CHECK:STDOUT:     {kind: 'LetDecl', text: ';', subtree_size: 8},
 // CHECK:STDOUT:     {kind: 'FileEnd', text: ''},
 // CHECK:STDOUT:   ]

toolchain/parse/testdata/let/missing_value.carbon

@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ fn F() {
 }
 
 interface I {
-  let T:! type;
+  let T: type;
 }
 
 // CHECK:STDOUT: - filename: missing_value.carbon
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ interface I {
 // CHECK:STDOUT:         {kind: 'AssociatedConstantIntroducer', text: 'let'},
 // CHECK:STDOUT:           {kind: 'IdentifierNameNotBeforeSignature', text: 'T'},
 // CHECK:STDOUT:           {kind: 'TypeTypeLiteral', text: 'type'},
-// CHECK:STDOUT:         {kind: 'AssociatedConstantNameAndType', text: ':!', subtree_size: 3},
+// CHECK:STDOUT:         {kind: 'AssociatedConstantNameAndType', text: ':', subtree_size: 3},
 // CHECK:STDOUT:       {kind: 'AssociatedConstantDecl', text: ';', subtree_size: 5},
 // CHECK:STDOUT:     {kind: 'InterfaceDefinition', text: '}', subtree_size: 9},
 // CHECK:STDOUT:     {kind: 'FileEnd', text: ''},