Add ubuntu:22.04 docker images (#1618)

Ubuntu 22.04 base image and examples using github, a copy instruction and volumes.

I was using this to run examples on a windows machine since it is more comfortable than switching OS or using the WSL subsystem directly.
If this is something that other people would like to have  I can add other versions of ubuntu and other linux distributions.

.devcontainer/devcontainer.json

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 {
   "name": "carbon-lang",
   "build": {
-    "dockerfile": "Dockerfile",
+    "dockerfile": "../docker/ubuntu2204/base/Dockerfile",
     "args": {
       "TAG": "3.5.6"
     }